1 - AS/NZS 4745:2004 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR HANDLING COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - FOREWORD
8 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8 - 1.1 SCOPE
8 - 1.2 APPLICATION
8 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
11 - SECTION 2 PHILOSOPHY
11 - 2.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
11 - 2.1.1 Awareness of regulations and responsibility
11 - 2.1.2 Occupational health and safety legislation
12 - 2.1.3 Duty of care
12 - 2.1.4 Occupational health and safety management system model
12 - 2.2 RISK MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
13 - 2.2.1 Risk management philosophy
13 - 2.2.2 Hazard identification
14 - 2.2.3 Risk analysis
14 - 2.2.4 Risk evaluation
14 - 2.2.5 Risk control
15 - 2.2.6 Monitoring of risk
15 - 2.2.7 Independent audits of the risk management system
15 - 2.3 TRAINING
15 - 2.4 DOCUMENTATION
16 - SECTION 3 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
16 - 3.1 DUST CHARACTERIZATION
16 - 3.1.1 Introduction
16 - 3.1.2 Chemical composition
16 - 3.1.3 Moisture
17 - 3.1.4 Particle size distribution and shape (specific surface area)
17 - 3.2 SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF DUSTS
18 - 3.3 COMBUSTION BEHAVIOUR
18 - 3.3.1 Smouldering
18 - 3.3.2 Flaming combustion
18 - 3.3.3 Exothermic decomposition
18 - 3.3.4 Dust explosions
19 - 3.3.5 Atmospheric influences
19 - 3.3.6 Gas release
19 - 3.4 DETERMINATION OF DUST CHARACTERISTICS
21 - 3.4.1 Dust layers
23 - 3.4.2 Airborne dust/air mixtures
24 - 3.4.3 Minimum ignition energy (MIE)
25 - 3.4.4 Minimum ignition temperature (MIT)
25 - 3.4.5 Test requirements
25 - 3.5 SAMPLING OF DUSTS FOR TESTING
26 - 3.6 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES
26 - 3.6.1 Introduction
27 - 3.6.2 Filling and emptying operations
27 - 3.6.3 Loading bulk materials into flammable solvents
27 - 3.6.4 Flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC)
27 - 3.6.5 Mixing
27 - 3.6.6 Dust separation
27 - 3.6.7 Spray and fluidized bed dryers
27 - 3.6.8 Milling
27 - 3.6.9 Sifters and sieves
28 - 3.6.10 Pneumatic conveyors
28 - 3.6.11 Belt conveyors
28 - 3.6.12 Vibratory conveyors
28 - 3.6.13 Bucket elevators
28 - 3.6.14 Screw feeders
28 - 3.6.15 Transport of containers
28 - 3.6.16 Vehicles
29 - 3.6.17 Storage in vessels, silos and bunkers
29 - 3.6.18 Exhaust equipment
29 - 3.6.19 Vacuum cleaners
29 - 3.7 RISK ASSESSMENT
29 - 3.7.1 Consequence assessment
32 - 3.7.2 Chemical composition
33 - SECTION 4 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
33 - 4.1 GENERAL
33 - 4.2 TRAINING/AWARENESS
33 - 4.3 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
34 - 4.4 SITE ENTRY CONDITIONS
34 - 4.5 WORK PERMITS
34 - 4.6 SAFETY OPERATING PROCEDURES
35 - 4.7 MAINTENANCE AND HOUSEKEEPING
35 - 4.7.1 Maintenance
35 - 4.7.2 Housekeeping
37 - SECTION 5 DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF EFFECTIVE IGNITION SOURCES
37 - 5.1 GENERAL
37 - 5.2 HOT SURFACES
38 - 5.3 FLAMES, HOT GASES AND HOT PARTICLES
38 - 5.4 MECHANICALLY GENERATED SPARKS
38 - 5.5 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
39 - 5.6 STRAY ELECTRIC CURRENTS, INDUCED VOLTAGES AND CATHODIC CORROSION PROTECTION
39 - 5.7 STATIC ELECTRICITY
40 - 5.8 LIGHTNING
40 - 5.9 RADIOFREQUENCY (RF) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES FROM 10 4 Hz TO 3x10 12 Hz
40 - 5.10 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES FROM 3 (10 11 Hz TO 3 x 10 15 Hz (Infra-red, visible and ultraviolet light)
40 - 5.11 IONIZING RADIATION
41 - 5.12 ULTRASONIC RADIATION
41 - 5.13 ADIABATIC COMPRESSION AND SHOCK WAVES
41 - 5.14 EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS, INCLUDING SELF-IGNITION OF DUSTS
44 - SECTION 6 PLANT DESIGN
44 - 6.1 SITE AND PLANT LAYOUT
44 - 6.2 BUILDING DESIGN
45 - 6.3 EQUIPMENT
45 - 6.3.1 Dust containment
45 - 6.4 REDUCE DUST CLOUD FORMATION
45 - 6.4.1 Equipment selection
46 - 6.4.2 Equipment design considerations
46 - 6.4.3 Industry specific issues
46 - 6.5 EXPLOSION-PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
46 - 6.5.1 Fundamental principles
47 - 6.5.2 Avoidance or reduction of the amount of substances that can form combustible dust atmospheres
49 - SECTION 7 DETAILED DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES
49 - 7.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS PLACES
49 - 7.1.1 General
49 - 7.1.2 Zones for dusts
50 - 7.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF EQUIPMENT, PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS BASED ON THE AVOIDANCE OF IGNITION SOURCES
50 - 7.2.1 General
50 - 7.2.2 Classification for levels of protection
51 - 7.2.3 General requirements for avoidance of ignition sources
52 - 7.2.4 Hot surfaces
52 - 7.2.5 Flames and hot gases
53 - 7.2.6 Mechanically generated sparks, embers and hot particles
54 - 7.2.7 Electrical apparatus
54 - 7.2.8 Stray electric currents and cathodic corrosion protection
54 - 7.2.9 Static electricity
55 - 7.2.10 Lightning
55 - 7.2.11 Radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from 10 4 Hz to 3 x 10 12 Hz
56 - 7.2.12 Electromagnetic waves from 3 x 10 11 Hz to 3 x 10 15 Hz (Infra-red, visible and ultraviolet light)
56 - 7.2.13 Ionizing radiation
57 - 7.2.14 Ultrasonic radiation
58 - 7.2.15 Adiabatic compression and shock waves
58 - 7.2.16 Exothermic reactions, including self-ignition of dusts
59 - 7.3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF EQUIPMENT, PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS TO REDUCE THE EXPLOSION EFFECTS
59 - 7.3.1 General
59 - 7.3.2 Explosion-resistant design
61 - 7.3.3 Explosion relief venting
66 - 7.3.4 Combined pressure resistant and vented designs
66 - 7.3.5 Explosion suppression
69 - 7.3.6 Prevention of explosion propagation (explosion decoupling)
72 - 7.3.7 Ember and spark extinguishing systems
73 - 7.4 PROVISIONS FOR EMERGENCY MEASURES
73 - 7.5 PROVISIONS FOR PLANT START-UP
74 - 7.6 PRINCIPLES OF MEASURING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR EXPLOSION-PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
74 - 7.7 FIRE FIGHTING
76 - SECTION 8 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
76 - 8.1 PURPOSE
76 - 8.2 EMERGENCY PLANNING
76 - 8.2.1 Emergency procedures
76 - 8.2.2 Roles, responsibilities and actions
78 - APPENDIX A - TOOLS FOR USE IN POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES
79 - APPENDIX B - MEASURING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS TO AVOID IGNITION SOURCES
80 - APPENDIX C - BIBLIOGRAPHY
81 - GLOSSARY