Preface This is the third edition of CSA S474, Concrete structures. It supersedes the second edition, published in 1994, and the preliminary edition, published in 1989. This Standard is the fourth of five CSA Standards that form the Code for the design, construction, and installation of offshore structures. The others are (a) CSA S471, General requirements, design criteria, the environment, and loads; (b) CAN/CSA-S472, Foundations; (c) CSA S473, Steel structures; and (d) CAN/CSA-S475, Sea Operations. The Code was developed in the 1980s and 1990s at the request of petroleum industry and regulatory authorities, which recognized that hydrocarbon production structures would likely become common in Canada.s offshore regions. In 1984, CSA formed a special Executive Management Committee to establish a program for developing offshore engineering standards. This evolved into the Strategic Steering Committee on Offshore Structures and the Technical Committees responsible for producing the Code.s five Standards. The Standards were developed with the participation of representatives from government, regulatory authorities, industry, classification societies, universities, and research and other institutions. This Standard has been developed in compliance with Standards Council of Canada requirements for National Standards of Canada. It has been published as a National Standard of Canada by CSA Group. Scope 1.1 This Standard specifies material selection, design, and construction requirements for fixed concrete offshore structures. It is intended for use by engineers experienced in the design and construction of offshore structures. 1.2 In CSA Standards, \"shall\" is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; \"should\" is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; \"may\" is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard; and \"can\" is used to express possibility or capability. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Legends to equations and figures are considered requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.