1 - AS 3507-1987 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING-RADIOGRAPHY OF STEEL CASTINGS AND CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITY
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - FOREWORD
8 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
8 - 1.1 SCOPE.
8 - 1.2 APPLICATION.
8 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.
8 - 1.4 TEST METHOD DESIGNATION.
8 - 1.5 DEFINITIONS.
8 - 1.5.1 Air lock
8 - 1.5.2 Blowhole
8 - 1.5.3 Chaplet
8 - 1.5.4 Chill
8 - 1.5.5 Crack
8 - 1.5.6 Filamentary shrinkage
8 - 1.5.7 Gas porosity
8 - 1.5.8 Hot tear
8 - 1.5.9 Inclusion
8 - 1.5.10 Macroshrinkage
8 - 1.6 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.
9 - SECTION 2. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES
9 - 2.1 GENERAL.
9 - 2.2 X-RAY EQUIPMENT.
9 - 2.3 GAMMA-RAY SOURCES.
9 - 2.4 HIGH ENERGY MEGA ELECTRON-VOLT (MeV) EQUIPMENT.
9 - 2.5 INTENSIFYING SCREENS.
9 - 2.5.1 General.
9 - 2.5.2 Thickness of intensifying screen.
9 - 2.6 CASSETTES.
9 - 2.7 FILTERS.
9 - 2.8 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS.
10 - 2.9 RADIOGRAPHS.
10 - 2.10 VIEWING CONDITIONS.
10 - 2.10.1 General.
10 - 2.10.2 Eye adaptation.
11 - SECTION 3. METHODS OF TEST
11 - 3.1 GENERAL.
12 - 3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION.
12 - 3.3 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQI).
12 - 3.4 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS.
12 - 3.5 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY.
12 - 3.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING DIAGNOSTIC FILM AREA.
12 - 3.7 BACK-SCATTER PROTECTION.
12 - 3.8 RADIOGRAPH IDENTIFICATION.
12 - 3.8.1 General.
13 - 3.8.2 Overlap of film.
13 - 3.8.3 Markers.
13 - 3.9 RECOMMENDED TUBE VOLTAGE.
13 - 3.10 FILM LOCATION.
13 - 3.10.1 Object-to-film distance.
13 - 3.10.2 Source-to-film distance (SFD).
15 - 3.11 MASKING.
15 - 3.12 RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES.
15 - 3.12.1 Location of shots-Radiographic exposures.
15 - 3.12.2 Radiography of simple plate type cast sections.
15 - 3.12.3 Radiography of castings of basic shapes.
18 - 3.12.4 Radiography of castings of complex shape.
18 - 3.13 INDIVIDUAL METHODS OF TEST.
18 - 3.14 PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHS.
18 - 3.15 VIEWING OF RADIOGRAPHS.
18 - 3.16 STORAGE OF RADIOGRAPHS.
19 - SECTION 4. EVALUATION OF TEST DATA
19 - 4.1 GENERAL.
19 - 4.2 VIEWING AREA.
19 - 4.2.1 Selection of viewing area.
19 - 4.2.2 Dimensions of viewing area.
19 - 4.3 ASSESSMENT OF GAS POROSITY, BLOWHOLES AND INCLUSIONS.
19 - 4.3.1 Assessable discontinuities.
21 - 4.3.2 Non-assessable discontinuities.
21 - 4.4 ASSESSMENT OF MACROSHRINKAGE.
21 - 4.5 ASSESSMENT OF FILAMENTARY SHRINK-AGE.
23 - SECTION 5. CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITY
23 - 5.1 GENERAL.
23 - 5.2 MULTIPLEDISCONTINUITIES.
23 - 5.3 GAS POROSITY AND BLOWHOLES.
23 - 5.3.1 Quality classification.
23 - 5.3.2 Limitations for Class 1.
23 - 5.4 INCLUSIONS.
23 - 5.4.1 Quality classification.
23 - 5.4.2 Limitations for Class 1.
23 - 5.5 MACROSHRINKAGE.
23 - 5.6 FILAMENTARY SHRINKAGE.
26 - SECTION 6. PRESENTATION OF TEST DATA
26 - 6.1 GENERAL.
26 - 6.2 ASSESSMENT.
26 - 6.3 RECORD OF TEST.
26 - 6.4 TEST REPORT.
27 - APPENDIX A - INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH THE ENQUIRY AND ORDER
27 - A1 GENERAL.
27 - A2 TESTING AUTHORITIES.
27 - A3 PRODUCTDESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION.
27 - A4 MANUFACTURING HISTORY.
27 - A5 SENSITIVITY REQUIRED.
27 - A6 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA.
28 - A7 DEPARTURE FROM THE METHODS SPECIFIED.
29 - APPENDIX B - PRECAUTIONS AGAINST SCATTER
29 - B1 GENERAL.
29 - B2 PROCEDURES TO REDUCE SCATTER.
32 - APPENDIX C - RADIOGRAPHY OF CASTINGS OF WIDELY VARYING SECTION THICKNESS
32 - C1 GENERAL.
32 - C2 THICKNESS LATITUDE.
34 - APPENDIX D - EFFECT OF VARIABLES ON RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST
34 - D1 GENERAL.
34 - D2 EFFECT OF VARIABLES.
36 - APPENDIX E - FACTORS CONTROLLING IMAGE DEFINITION
36 - E1 GENERAL.
36 - E2 INHERENT UNSHARPNESS.
36 - E3 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS.
37 - E4 NOMOGRAM (FIGURE E2).
39 - APPENDIX F - TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF FILM TYPES
40 - APPENDIX G - RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIVALENCE FACTORS
40 - G1 GENERAL.
40 - G2 DETERMINATION OF FACTOR.