1 - AS 4100-1990 STEEL STRUCTURES
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
8 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8 - 1.1 SCOPE
8 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
8 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
10 - 1.4 NOTATION
17 - 1.5 USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS
17 - 1.5.1 General
18 - 1.5.2 Existing structures
18 - 1.6 DESIGN
18 - 1.6.1 Design data
18 - 1.6.2 Design details
18 - 1.7 CONSTRUCTION
19 - SECTION 2 MATERIALS
19 - 2.1 YIELD STRESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH USED IN DESIGN
19 - 2.1.1 Yield stress
19 - 2.1.2 Tensile strength
19 - 2.2 STRUCTURAL STEEL
19 - 2.2.1 Australian Standards
19 - 2.2.2 Acceptance of steels
19 - 2.2.3 Unidentified steel
19 - 2.3 FASTENERS
19 - 2.3.1 Steel bolts, nuts and washers
19 - 2.3.2 Equivalent high strength fasteners
19 - 2.3.3 Welds
19 - 2.3.4 Welded studs
19 - 2.3.5 Explosive fasteners
19 - 2.3.6 Anchor bolts
19 - 2.4 STEEL CASTINGS
22 - SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
22 - 3.1 DESIGN
22 - 3.1.1 Aim
22 - 3.1.2 Requirements
22 - 3.2 LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS
22 - 3.2.1 Loads
22 - 3.2.2 Other actions
22 - 3.2.3 Design load combinations
22 - 3.2.4 Notional horizontal forces
22 - 3.3 STABILITY LIMIT STATE
23 - 3.4 STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
23 - 3.5 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
23 - 3.5.1 General
23 - 3.5.2 Method
24 - 3.5.3 Deflection limits
24 - 3.5.4 Vibration of beams
24 - 3.5.5 Bolt serviceability limit state
24 - 3.5.6 Corrosion protection
24 - 3.6 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES BY LOAD TESTING
24 - 3.7 BRITTLE FRACTURE
24 - 3.8 FATIGUE
24 - 3.9 FIRE
24 - 3.10 EARTHQUAKE
24 - 3.11 OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
25 - SECTION 4 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
25 - 4.1 METHODS OF DETERMINING ACTION EFFECTS
25 - 4.1.1 General
25 - 4.1.2 Definitions
25 - 4.2 FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION ASSUMED FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
25 - 4.2.1 General
25 - 4.2.2 Rigid construction
25 - 4.2.3 Semi-rigid construction
25 - 4.2.4 Simple construction
25 - 4.2.5 Design of connections
25 - 4.3 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS
25 - 4.3.1 General
25 - 4.3.2 Span length
26 - 4.3.3 Arrangements of live loads for buildings
26 - 4.3.4 Simple construction
26 - 4.4 ELASTIC ANALYSIS
26 - 4.4.1 General
26 - 4.4.2 First-order elastic analysis
30 - 4.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
30 - 4.5.1 Application
30 - 4.5.2 Limitations
30 - 4.5.3 Assumptions of analysis
30 - 4.5.4 Second order effects
30 - 4.6 MEMBER BUCKLING ANALYSIS
30 - 4.6.1 General
31 - 4.6.2 Member elastic buckling load
31 - 4.6.3 Member effective length factor
34 - 4.7 FRAME BUCKLING ANALYSIS
34 - 4.7.1 General
34 - 4.7.2 In-plane frame buckling
36 - SECTION 5 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO BENDING
36 - 5.1 DESIGN FOR BENDING MOMENT
36 - 5.2 SECTION MOMENT CAPACITY FOR BENDING ABOUT A PRINCIPAL AXIS
36 - 5.2.1 General
36 - 5.2.2 Section slenderness
37 - 5.2.3 Compact sections
37 - 5.2.4 Non-compact sections
37 - 5.2.5 Slender sections
38 - 5.2.6 Elastic and plastic section moduli
38 - 5.3 MEMBER CAPACITY OF SEGMENTS WITH FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT
38 - 5.3.1 Member capacity
38 - 5.3.2 Segments with full lateral restraint
39 - 5.3.3 Critical section
39 - 5.4 RESTRAINTS
39 - 5.4.1 General
40 - 5.4.2 Restraints at a cross-section
42 - 5.4.3 Restraining elements
42 - 5.5 CRITICAL FLANGE
42 - 5.5.1 General
42 - 5.5.2 Segments with both ends restrained
43 - 5.5.3 Segments with one end unrestrained
43 - 5.6 MEMBER CAPACITY OF SEGMENTS WITHOUT FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT
43 - 5.6.1 Segments fully or partially restrained at both ends
45 - 5.6.2 Segments unrestrained at one end
46 - 5.6.3 Effective length
47 - 5.6.4 Design by buckling analysis
47 - 5.7 BENDING IN A NON-PRINCIPAL PLANE
47 - 5.7.1 Deflections constrained to a non–principal plane
47 - 5.7.2 Deflections unconstrained
48 - 5.8 SEPARATORS AND DIAPHRAGMS
48 - 5.9 DESIGN OF WEBS
48 - 5.9.1 General
48 - 5.9.2 Definition of web panel
48 - 5.9.3 Minimum thickness of web panel
48 - 5.10 ARRANGEMENT OF WEBS
48 - 5.10.1 Unstiffened webs
48 - 5.10.2 Load bearing stiffeners
48 - 5.10.3 Side reinforcing plates
48 - 5.10.4 Transversely stiffened webs
49 - 5.10.5 Webs with longitudinal and transverse stiffeners
49 - 5.10.6 Webs of members designed plastically
49 - 5.10.7 Openings in webs
49 - 5.11 SHEAR CAPACITY OF WEBS
49 - 5.11.1 Shear capacity
49 - 5.11.2 Approximately uniform shear stress distribution
50 - 5.11.3 Nonãuniform shear stress distribution
50 - 5.11.4 Shear yield capacity
50 - 5.11.5 Shear buckling capacity
51 - 5.12 INTERACTION OF SHEAR AND BENDING
51 - 5.12.1 General
52 - 5.12.2 Proportioning method
52 - 5.12.3 Shear and bending interaction method
52 - 5.13 COMPRESSIVE BEARING ACTION ON THE EDGE OF A WEB
52 - 5.13.1 Dispersion of force to web
52 - 5.13.2 Bearing capacity
52 - 5.13.3 Bearing yield capacity
53 - 5.13.4 Bearing buckling capacity
53 - 5.13.5 Combined bending and bearing of rectangular and square hollow sections
56 - 5.14 DESIGN OF LOAD BEARING STIFFENERS
56 - 5.14.1 Yield capacity
56 - 5.14.2 Buckling capacity
56 - 5.14.3 Outstand of stiffeners
56 - 5.14.4 Fitting of load bearing stiffeners
56 - 5.14.5 Design for torsional end restraint
57 - 5.15 DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE TRANSVERSE WEB STIFFENERS
57 - 5.15.1 General
57 - 5.15.2 Spacing
57 - 5.15.3 Minimum area
57 - 5.15.4 Buckling capacity
57 - 5.15.5 Minimum stiffness
57 - 5.15.6 Outstand of stiffeners
58 - 5.15.7 External forces
58 - 5.15.8 Connection of intermediate stiffeners to web
58 - 5.15.9 End posts
58 - 5.16 DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL WEB STIFFENERS
58 - 5.16.1 General
58 - 5.16.2 Minimum stiffness
59 - SECTION 6 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO AXIAL COMPRESSION
59 - 6.1 DESIGN FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION
59 - 6.2 NOMINAL SECTION CAPACITY
59 - 6.2.1 General
59 - 6.2.2 Form factor
59 - 6.2.3 Plate element slenderness
59 - 6.2.4 Effective width
60 - 6.3 NOMINAL MEMBER CAPACITY
60 - 6.3.1 Definitions
60 - 6.3.2 Effective length
61 - 6.3.3 Nominal capacity of a member of constant cross-section
63 - 6.3.4 Nominal capacity of a member of varying cross…section
63 - 6.4 LACED AND BATTENED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
63 - 6.4.1 Design forces
63 - 6.4.2 Laced compression members
64 - 6.4.3 Battened compression member
65 - 6.5 COMPRESSION MEMBERS BACK TO BACK
65 - 6.5.1 Components separated
65 - 6.5.2 Components in contact
65 - 6.6 RESTRAINTS
65 - 6.6.1 Restraint systems
65 - 6.6.2 Restraining members and connections
66 - 6.6.3 Parallel braced compression members
67 - SECTION 7 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO AXIAL TENSION
67 - 7.1 DESIGN FOR AXIAL TENSION
67 - 7.2 NOMINAL SECTION CAPACITY
67 - 7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES
67 - 7.3.1 End connections providing uniform force distribution
67 - 7.3.2 End connections providing non-uniform force distribution
67 - 7.4 TENSION MEMBERS WITH TWO OR MORE MAIN COMPONENTS
67 - 7.4.1 General
67 - 7.4.2 Design forces for connections
68 - 7.4.3 Tension member composed of two components back-to-back
69 - 7.4.4 Laced tension member
69 - 7.4.5 Battened tension member
69 - 7.5 MEMBERS WITH PIN CONNECTIONS
70 - SECTION 8 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED ACTIONS
70 - 8.1 GENERAL
70 - 8.2 DESIGN ACTIONS
70 - 8.3 SECTION CAPACITY
70 - 8.3.1 General
70 - 8.3.2 Uniaxial bending about the major principal x-axis
71 - 8.3.3 Uniaxial bending about the minor principal y-axis
71 - 8.3.4 Biaxial bending
71 - 8.4 MEMBER CAPACITY
71 - 8.4.1 General
72 - 8.4.2 In-plane capacity - elastic analysis
72 - 8.4.3 In-plane capacity - plastic analysis
74 - 8.4.4 Out-of-plane capacity
75 - 8.4.5 Biaxial bending capacity
75 - 8.4.6 Eccentrically loaded double bolted or welded single angles in trusses
77 - SECTION 9 CONNECTIONS
77 - 9.1 GENERAL
77 - 9.1.1 Requirements for connections
77 - 9.1.2 Classification of connections
77 - 9.1.3 Design of connections
77 - 9.1.4 Minimum design actions on connections
78 - 9.1.5 Intersections
78 - 9.1.6 Choice of fasteners
78 - 9.1.7 Combined connections
78 - 9.1.8 Prying forces
78 - 9.1.9 Connection components
78 - 9.1.10 Deductions for fastener holes
79 - 9.1.11 Hollow section connections
79 - 9.2 DEFINITIONS
80 - 9.3 DESIGN OF BOLTS
80 - 9.3.1 Bolts and bolting category
80 - 9.3.2 Bolt strength limit states
81 - 9.3.3 Bolt serviceability limit state
82 - 9.4 ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF A BOLT GROUP
82 - 9.4.1 Bolt group subject to in-plane loading
82 - 9.4.2 Bolt group subject to out-of-plane loading
82 - 9.4.3 Bolt group subject to combinations of in-plane and out-of-plane loadings
82 - 9.5 DESIGN OF A PIN CONNECTION
82 - 9.5.1 Pin in shear
83 - 9.5.2 Pin in bearing
83 - 9.5.3 Pin in bending
83 - 9.5.4 Ply in bearing
83 - 9.6 DESIGN DETAILS FOR BOLTS AND PINS
83 - 9.6.1 Minimum pitch
83 - 9.6.2 Minimum edge distance
83 - 9.6.3 Maximum pitch
84 - 9.6.4 Maximum edge distance
84 - 9.6.5 Holes
84 - 9.7 DESIGN OF WELDS
84 - 9.7.1 Scope
84 - 9.7.2 Complete and incomplete penetration butt welds
86 - 9.7.3 Fillet welds
89 - 9.7.4 Plug and slot welds
89 - 9.7.5 Compound weld
90 - 9.8 ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF A WELD GROUP
90 - 9.8.1 Weld group subject to in-plane loading
90 - 9.8.2 Weld group subject to out-of-plane loading
91 - 9.8.3 Weld group subject to in-plane and out-of-plane loading
91 - 9.8.4 Combination of weld types
91 - 9.9 PACKING IN CONSTRUCTION
92 - SECTION 10 BRITTLE FRACTURE
92 - 10.1 METHODS
92 - 10.2 NOTCH-DUCTILE RANGE METHOD
92 - 10.3 DESIGN SERVICE TEMPERATURE
92 - 10.3.1 Basic design temperature
92 - 10.3.2 Modifications to the basic design temperature
92 - 10.4 MATERIAL SELECTION
92 - 10.4.1 Selection of steel type
93 - 10.4.2 Limitations
93 - 10.4.3 Modification for certain applications
94 - 10.4.4 Selection of steel grade
94 - 10.5 FRACTURE ASSESSMENT
95 - SECTION 11 FATIGUE
95 - 11.1 GENERAL
95 - 11.1.1 Requirements
95 - 11.1.2 Definitions
95 - 11.1.3 Notation
96 - 11.1.4 Limitation
96 - 11.1.5 Designation of weld category
96 - 11.1.6 Method
96 - 11.1.7 Thickness effect
96 - 11.2 FATIGUE LOADING
97 - 11.3 DESIGN SPECTRUM
97 - 11.3.1 Stress determination
97 - 11.3.2 Design spectrum calculation
97 - 11.4 EXEMPTION FROM ASSESSMENT
97 - 11.5 DETAIL CATEGORY
97 - 11.5.1 Detail categories for normal stress
98 - 11.5.2 Detail categories for shear stress
107 - 11.6 FATIGUE STRENGTH
107 - 11.6.1 Definition of fatigue strength for normal stress
109 - 11.6.2 Definition of fatigue strength for shear stress
110 - 11.7 EXEMPTION FROM FURTHER ASSESSMENT
110 - 11.8 FATIGUE ASSESSMENT
110 - 11.8.1 Constant stress range
110 - 11.8.2 Variable stress range
110 - 11.9 PUNCHING LIMITATION
111 - SECTION 12 FIRE
111 - 12.1 REQUIREMENTS
111 - 12.2 DEFINITIONS
111 - 12.3 DETERMINATION OF PERIOD OF STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY
111 - 12.4 VARIATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL WITH TEMPERATURE
111 - 12.4.1 Variation of yield stress with temperature
112 - 12.4.2 Variation of modulus of elasticity with temperature
113 - 12.5 DETERMINATION OF LIMITING STEEL TEMPERATURE
113 - 12.6 DETERMINATION OF TIME AT WHICH LIMITING TEMPERATURE IS ATTAINED FOR PROTECTED MEMBERS
113 - 12.6.1 Methods
113 - 12.6.2 Temperature based on test series
113 - 12.6.3 Temperature based on single test
114 - 12.7 DETERMINATION OF TIME AT WHICH LIMITING TEMPERATURE IS ATTAINED FOR UNPROTECTED MEMBERS
115 - 12.8 DETERMINATION OF PSA FROM A SINGLE TEST
115 - 12.9 THREE-SIDED FIRE EXPOSURE CONDITION
115 - 12.10 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
115 - 12.10.1 Connections
115 - 12.10.2 Web penetrations
118 - SECTION 13 EARTHQUAKE
118 - 13.1 GENERAL
118 - 13.2 DEFINITIONS
118 - 13.3 DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS
118 - 13.3.1 General
118 - 13.3.2 Requirements for structures of earthquake Design Categories A and B
118 - 13.3.3 Requirements for structures of earthquake Design Category C
118 - 13.3.4 Requirements for structures of earthquake Design Categories D and E
119 - 13.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-BUILDING STRUCTURES
122 - SECTION 14 FABRICATION
122 - 14.1 GENERAL
122 - 14.2 MATERIAL
122 - 14.2.1 General
122 - 14.2.2 Identification
122 - 14.3 FABRICATION PROCEDURES
122 - 14.3.1 Methods
122 - 14.3.2 Full contact splices
122 - 14.3.3 Cutting
123 - 14.3.4 Welding
123 - 14.3.5 Holing
123 - 14.3.6 Bolting
124 - 14.3.7 Pinned connection
124 - 14.4 TOLERANCES
124 - 14.4.1 General
124 - 14.4.2 Notation
124 - 14.4.3 Cross-section
127 - 14.4.4 Compression member
127 - 14.4.5 Beam
127 - 14.4.6 Tension member
129 - SECTION 15 ERECTION
129 - 15.1 GENERAL
129 - 15.1.1 Rejection of an erected item
129 - 15.1.2 Safety during erection
129 - 15.1.3 Equipment support
129 - 15.1.4 Reference temperature
129 - 15.2 ERECTION PROCEDURES
129 - 15.2.1 General
129 - 15.2.2 Delivery, storage and handling
129 - 15.2.3 Assembly and alignment
130 - 15.2.4 Assembly of a connection involving tensioned bolts
130 - 15.2.5 Methods of tensioning
131 - 15.3 TOLERANCES
131 - 15.3.1 Location of anchor bolts
133 - 15.3.2 Column base
133 - 15.3.3 Plumbing of a compression member
133 - 15.3.4 Column splice
133 - 15.3.5 Level and alignment of a beam
133 - 15.3.6 Position of a tension member
133 - 15.3.7 Overall building dimensions
134 - 15.4 INSPECTION OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS
134 - 15.4.1 Tensioned bolts
135 - 15.4.2 Damaged items
135 - 15.5 GROUTING AT SUPPORTS
135 - 15.5.1 Compression member base or beam
135 - 15.5.2 Grouting
136 - SECTION 16 MODIFICATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
136 - 16.1 GENERAL
136 - 16.2 MATERIALS
136 - 16.3 CLEANING
136 - 16.4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS
136 - 16.4.1 Welding and cutting
136 - 16.4.2 Welding sequence
137 - SECTION 17 TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR ELEMENTS
137 - 17.1 GENERAL
137 - 17.1.1 Scope of Section
137 - 17.1.2 Circumstances requiring tests
137 - 17.2 DEFINITIONS
137 - 17.3 TEST REQUIREMENTS
137 - 17.4 PROOF TESTING
137 - 17.4.1 Application
137 - 17.4.2 Test load
137 - 17.4.3 Criteria for acceptance
137 - 17.5 PROTOTYPE TESTING
137 - 17.5.1 Test specimen
137 - 17.5.2 Test load
137 - 17.5.3 Criteria for acceptance
137 - 17.5.4 Acceptance of production units
138 - 17.6 REPORT OF TESTS
139 - APPENDIX A - REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
141 - APPENDIX B - SUGGESTED DEFLECTION LIMITS
141 - B1 SUGGESTED VERTICAL DEFLECTION LIMITS FOR BEAMS
141 - B2 SUGGESTED HORIZONTAL DEFLECTION LIMITS
142 - APPENDIX C - CORROSION PROTECTION
142 - C1 SCOPE
142 - C2 SYSTEMS
142 - C3 STANDARDS
142 - C4 INACCESSIBLE SURFACES
142 - C5 PROTECTION DURING TRANSPORT AND HANDLING AFTER CORROSION PROTEC- TION
142 - C6 REPAIRS TO CORROSION PROTECTION
142 - C7 RELEVANT STANDARDS
144 - APPENDIX D - ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
144 - D1 GENERAL
144 - D2 DESIGN
144 - APPENDIX E - SECOND ORDER ELASTIC ANALYSIS
144 - E1 ANALYSIS
144 - E2 DESIGN BENDING MOMENT
145 - APPENDIX F - MOMENT AMPLIFICATION FOR A SWAY MEMBER
146 - APPENDIX G - BRACED MEMBER BUCKLING IN FRAMES
148 - APPENDIX H - ELASTIC RESISTANCE TO LATERAL BUCKLING
148 - H1 GENERAL
148 - H2 SEGMENTS RESTRAINED AT BOTH ENDS
148 - H3 SEGMENTS UNRESTRAINED AT ONE END
149 - H4 REFERENCE ELASTIC BUCKLING MOMENT
150 - H5 EFFECTS OF END RESTRAINTS
150 - H5.1 Torsional end restraints
150 - H5.2 End restraints against lateral rotation
150 - H5.2.1 Segments restrained at both ends
150 - H5.2.2 Segments unrestrained at one end
151 - H6 REFERENCES
152 - APPENDIX I - STRENGTH OF STIFFENED WEB PANELS UNDER COMBINED ACTIONS
152 - I1 YIELDING CHECK
153 - I2 BUCKLING CHECK
154 - APPENDIX J - STANDARD TEST FOR EVALUATION OF SLIP FACTOR
154 - J1 TEST SPECIMENS
154 - J1.1 Form
154 - J1.2 Assembly and measurement
155 - J1.3 Number of specimens
155 - J2 INSTRUMENTATION
155 - J3 METHOD OF TESTING
155 - J4 SLIP LOAD
156 - J5 SLIP FACTOR
157 - APPENDIX K - INSPECTION OF BOLT TENSION USING A TORQUE WRENCH
157 - K1 GENERAL
157 - K2 CALIBRATION
157 - K3 INSPECTION
157 - K4 ACTION
158 - INDEX