AS/NZS 4600:1996

1 - AS/NZS 4600:1996 COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
7 - 1.1 SCOPE
7 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
7 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
7 - 1.3.1 Action [Effect]
7 - 1.3.2 Action effect [Action] or load effect [action]
7 - 1.3.3 Arched compression element
7 - 1.3.4 Bend
7 - 1.3.5 Braced member
7 - 1.3.6 Can
7 - 1.3.7 Capacity [Strength reduction] factor
7 - 1.3.8 Clinching
7 - 1.3.9 Cold-formed steel structural members
7 - 1.3.10 Design action effect [Design action] or design load effect [design action]
8 - 1.3.11 Design action [Design force] or design load
8 - 1.3.12 Design capacity
8 - 1.3.13 Distortional buckling
8 - 1.3.14 Effective design width
8 - 1.3.15 Elements
8 - 1.3.16 Feed width
8 - 1.3.17 Flexural-torsional buckling
8 - 1.3.18 Length (of a compression member)
8 - 1.3.19 Limit state
8 - 1.3.20 Load
8 - 1.3.21 Local buckling
8 - 1.3.22 May
8 - 1.3.23 Multiple-stiffened element
8 - 1.3.24 Nominal action [Nominal effect] or nominal load
8 - 1.3.25 Nominal capacity
8 - 1.3.26 Point-symmetric section
8 - 1.3.27 Proof testing
8 - 1.3.28 Prototype testing
9 - 1.3.29 Pull-over (pull-through)
9 - 1.3.30 Pull-out
9 - 1.3.31 Segment (in a member subjected to bending)
9 - 1.3.32 Serviceability limit state
9 - 1.3.33 Shall
9 - 1.3.34 Should
9 - 1.3.35 Single-point fastener
9 - 1.3.36 Special study
9 - 1.3.37 Stability limit state
9 - 1.3.38 Stiffened or partially stiffened compression element
9 - 1.3.39 Stiffeners
9 - 1.3.40 Strength [Ultimate] limit state
9 - 1.3.41 Structural ductility factor
9 - 1.3.42 Structural performance factor
9 - 1.3.43 Structural response factor
9 - 1.3.44 Sub-element
9 - 1.3.45 Tensile strength
9 - 1.3.46 Thickness
9 - 1.3.47 Unformed steel
9 - 1.3.48 Unformed steel properties
10 - 1.3.49 Unstiffened compression element
10 - 1.3.50 Yield stress
12 - 1.4 NOTATION
22 - 1.5 MATERIALS
22 - 1.5.1 Structural steel
25 - 1.5.2 Design stresses
25 - 1.5.3 Fasteners and electrodes
27 - 1.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
27 - 1.6.1 Loads and load combinations
28 - 1.6.2 Structural analysis and design
28 - 1.6.3 Earthquake
29 - 1.6.4 Durability
29 - 1.7 NON-CONFORMING SHAPES AND CONSTRUCTION
32 - SECTION 2 ELEMENTS
32 - 2.1 SECTION PROPERTIES
32 - 2.1.1 General
32 - 2.1.2 Design procedures
33 - 2.1.3 Dimensional limits
34 - 2.2 EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF STIFFENED ELEMENTS
34 - 2.2.1 Uniformly compressed stiffened elements
36 - 2.2.2 Uniformly compressed stiffened elements with circular holes
37 - 2.2.3 Stiffened elements with stress gradient
38 - 2.3 EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS
38 - 2.3.1 Uniformly compressed unstiffened elements
39 - 2.3.2 Unstiffened elements and edge stiffeners with stress gradient
40 - 2.4 EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF UNIFORMLY COMPRESSED ELEMENTS WITH AN EDGE STIFFENER OR ONE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENER
40 - 2.4.1 Notation
42 - 2.4.2 Elements with an intermediate stiffener
43 - 2.4.3 Elements with an edge stiffener
44 - 2.5 EFFECTIVE WIDTHS OF EDGE-STIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH ONE OR MORE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS, OR STIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH MORE
46 - 2.6 ARCHED COMPRESSION ELEMENTS
46 - 2.7 STIFFENERS
46 - 2.7.1 Transverse stiffeners
47 - 2.7.2 Shear stiffeners
48 - 2.7.3 Nonconforming stiffeners
49 - SECTION 3 MEMBERS
49 - 3.1 GENERAL
49 - 3.2 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO TENSION
49 - 3.2.1 Tensile capacity
49 - 3.2.2 Distribution of forces
50 - 3.3 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO BENDING
50 - 3.3.1 Bending moment
51 - 3.3.2 Nominal section moment capacity
52 - 3.3.3 Nominal member moment capacity
58 - 3.3.4 Shear
59 - 3.3.5 Combined bending and shear
60 - 3.3.6 Bearing
63 - 3.3.7 Combined bending and bearing
64 - 3.4 CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
64 - 3.4.1 General
65 - 3.4.2 Sections not subject to torsional or flexural-torsional
65 - 3.4.3 Doubly- or singly-symmetric sections subject to torsional or flexural-torsional buckling
66 - 3.4.4 Point-symmetric sections
66 - 3.4.5 Non-symmetric sections
66 - 3.4.6 Singly-symmetric sections subject to distortional buckling
66 - 3.4.7 Columns with one flange through-fastened to sheeting
67 - 3.5 COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
67 - 3.5.1 Combined axial compressive load and bending
69 - 3.5.2 Combined axial tensile load and bending
69 - 3.6 CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR MEMBERS
69 - 3.6.1 General
69 - 3.6.2 Bending
69 - 3.6.3 Compression
70 - 3.6.4 Combined bending and compression
71 - SECTION 4 STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES
71 - 4.1 BUILT-UP SECTIONS
71 - 4.1.1 I-Sections composed of two channels
72 - 4.1.2 Cover plates, sheets or non-integral stiffeners in compression
72 - 4.2 MIXED SYSTEMS
72 - 4.3 LATERAL RESTRAINTS
72 - 4.3.1 General
72 - 4.3.2 Symmetrical beams and columns
73 - 4.3.3 Channel and Z-section beams
76 - 4.4 WALL STUDS AND WALL STUD ASSEMBLIES
77 - SECTION 5 CONNECTIONS
77 - 5.1 GENERAL
77 - 5.2 WELDED CONNECTIONS
77 - 5.2.1 General
77 - 5.2.2 Butt welds
78 - 5.2.3 Fillet welds
79 - 5.2.4 Arc spot welds (puddle welds)
83 - 5.2.5 Arc seam welds
84 - 5.2.6 Flare welds
85 - 5.2.7 Resistance welds
86 - 5.3 BOLTED CONNECTIONS
86 - 5.3.1 General
87 - 5.3.2 Tearout
88 - 5.3.3 Net section tension
88 - 5.3.4 Bearing
89 - 5.3.5 Bolts
90 - 5.4 SCREWED CONNECTIONS
90 - 5.4.1 General
90 - 5.4.2 Screwed connections in shear
92 - 5.4.3 Screwed connections in tension
92 - 5.5 BLIND RIVETED CONNECTIONS
92 - 5.5.1 General
92 - 5.5.2 Riveted connections in shear
94 - 5.6 RUPTURE
94 - 5.6.1 Shear rupture
94 - 5.6.2 Tension rupture
94 - 5.6.3 Block shear rupture
94 - 5.7 OTHER CONNECTIONS USING ANY TYPE OF FASTENERS
95 - SECTION 6 TESTING
95 - 6.1 TESTING FOR DETERMINING MATERIAL PROPERTIES
95 - 6.1.1 Testing of unformed steel
95 - 6.1.2 Compression testing
95 - 6.1.3 Testing of full sections
95 - 6.1.4 Testing of flat coupons of formed members
96 - 6.1.5 Testing for determining section properties
96 - 6.1.6 Testing of single-point fastener connections
96 - 6.2 TESTING FOR ASSESSMENT OR VERIFICATION
96 - 6.2.1 General
96 - 6.2.2 Static tests for strength or serviceability
99 - APPENDIX A - LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
101 - APPENDIX B - FLEXURAL MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE BENDING
101 - B1 GENERAL
101 - B2 LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY [STRENGTH]
101 - B3 DEFLECTIONS
101 - B4 LIMITATIONS
102 - APPENDIX C - PROTECTION
102 - C1 SCOPE
102 - C2 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION
102 - C2.1 Members to be protected
102 - C2.2 Protective coating
102 - C2.3 Members made from uncoated steel
102 - C2.4 Members made from coated steel
102 - C3 PROTECTION DURING TRANSPORT, HANDLING AND STORAGE
102 - C3.1 General
102 - C3.2 Transport and handling
102 - C3.3 Storage
103 - C4 REPAIRS TO COATINGS
104 - APPENDIX D - DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING STRESSES OF GENERAL CHANNELS, LIPPED CHANNELS AND Z-SECTIONS IN COMPRESSION AND BENDING
104 - D1 GENERAL CHANNELS IN COMPRESSION
105 - D2 SIMPLE LIPPED CHANNELS IN COMPRESSION
106 - D3 SIMPLE LIPPED CHANNELS OR Z-SECTIONS IN BENDING ABOUT THE AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO THE WEB
108 - APPENDIX E - SECTION PROPERTIES
108 - E1 SHEAR CENTRE DISTANCE, TORSION CONSTANT AND WARPING CONSTANT
108 - E2 MONOSYMMETRY SECTION CONSTANTS
112 - APPENDIX F - UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS WITH STRESS GRADIENT
113 - APPENDIX G - STANDARD TESTS FOR SINGLE-POINT FASTENER CONNECTIONS
113 - G1 SCOPE
113 - G2 MATERIAL
113 - G3 SHEAR TEST
113 - G3.1 General
113 - G3.2 Apparatus
113 - G3.3 Test specimen
113 - G3.4 Procedure
113 - G4 CROSS-TENSION TEST
113 - G4.1 General
114 - G4.2 Apparatus
114 - G4.3 Test specimen
115 - G4.4 Procedure
115 - G5 REPORT