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BS 4994:1987

Withdrawn
Withdrawn

A Withdrawn Standard is one, which is removed from sale, and its unique number can no longer be used. The Standard can be withdrawn and not replaced, or it can be withdrawn and replaced by a Standard with a different number.

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withdrawn

A Withdrawn Standard is one, which is removed from sale, and its unique number can no longer be used. The Standard can be withdrawn and not replaced, or it can be withdrawn and replaced by a Standard with a different number.

Specification for design and construction of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Withdrawn date

30-04-2016

Language(s)

English

Published date

30-06-1987

Section one. General
1. Scope
2. Definitions
3. Nomenclature
4. Information & requirements to be agreed/documented
5. Categories of vessels and tanks
Section two. Materials and design loadings
6. Materials
7. Construction of chemical barrier
8. Flammability
9. Allowable and design unit loadings
Section three. Design
10. General
11. Design basis
12. Design details
13. Laminate design and thickness
14. Cylindrical and spherical shells
15. Shells subjected to wind loading
16. Rectangular tanks
17. Flat panels
18. Ends
19. Circumferential seams
20. Openings, branches and compensation
21. Bolted flanged circular connections
22. Supports
23. Structures and fittings
24. Local load analysis
Section four. Construction and workmanship
25. Approval of design and construction details
26. Conditions in works
27. Manufacturing procedure
28. Constructional details
29. Curing
30. Tolerances
Section five. Inspection and tests
31. Inspection and test requirements
32. Certificate of inspection and testing
33. Principle stages of inspection
34. Welding procedure and welder approval tests for
     thermoplastics linings
35. Production weld tests for thermoplastics linings
36. Laminating procedures and approval of operators
37. Production samples for mechanical tests on laminates
38. Prototype testing
39. Testing after completion of fabrication
40. Marking
Section six. Erection
41. Preparation for shipment
42. Handling
43. Transportation
44. Temporary storage
45. Installation
46. Support of associated pipework
Appendices
A. General information on the materials used for
     reinforced plastics construction
B. Methods of test
C. Effects of materials on water quality
D. Worked examples of the design calculations
     specified in sections two and three
E. Selection procedure for factor k2
F. Design calculation for tank and vessel anchorage
G. Stresses from local loads, etc.: recommended
     methods of calculation
H. Recommended supports for vertical vessels and tanks
J. Design of metallic lifting lugs and trunnions
K. Bibliography
Tables
1. Nomenclature, symbols and units
2. Minimum categories of vessel or tank
3. Design documentation and drawing requirements
4. Quality control: tests and records
5. Minimum properties of reinforced laminate layers
6. Factor relating to method of manufacture
7. Factors to be applied to the design unit loading
     of continuous rovings for different winding angles
8. Deflection & bending moment constants - flat plates
9. Deflection and bending moment constants for central
     local loads on rectangular flat plates
10. alpha/beta constants for sector & triangular plates
11. Shape factor for domed ends
12. Shape factors for conical ends - figure 12(a)
13. Shape factors for conical ends - figure 12(b)
14. Flange and bolt details
15. Recommended design stress values for flange bolting
     materials
16. Permissible limits for laminate defects
17. Tolerance for shells
18. Values of K1 and K2
Figures
1. Factor relating to temperature, k3
2. Factor relating to cyclic loading, k4
3. Unit modulus/winding angle
4. Four typical examples of laminate construction
    (without thermoplastics lining)
5. Relationship between thickness and glass content
6. Single taper blending at changes of thickness
    (suitable for vessels with or without
    thermoplastics linings)
7. Double taper blending at changes of thickness
    (suitable for vessels without thermoplastics
    linings)
8. Effective length between stiffeners under external
    pressure
9. Type 1 edge fixings
10. Type 2 edge fixings
11. Domed ends
12. Conical ends and reducing sections
13. Blind flanges: general
14. Blind flanges: not suitable for vacuum vessels
15. Shape factor for semi-ellipsoidal ends convex to
    pressure
16. Lined and unlined tanks, knuckle radius 30 mm to
    150 mm (preferred construction)
17. Lined tanks, fabric-backed liner without a formed
    knuckle
18. Typical main seam joints for vessels without
    thermoplastics linings
19. Typical main seam joint for vessels with
    thermoplastics linings
20. Diagrams of typical branches
21. Arrangement of branch overlay for long branches
22. Gussets for branches
23. Pads for vessels
24. Flange construction
25. Details of flanges for thermoplastics-lined GRP
    vessels
26. Full faced flange with soft gasket
27. Typical anchorage arrangements for flat-bottomed
    tanks (brackets or ring)
28. Supports for drop-through vessels and tanks
29. Support arrangements for base-supported vertical
    vessels and tanks
30. Supports for horizontal vessels and tanks
31. n ply laminated beam
32. Tolerances for cylindrical shells
33. Chart of apparent extension, Z, versus force, F
34. Test specimen for the determination of lap shear
    strength of laminate
35. Test specimen for the determination of shear strength
    of bond between thermoplastics lining and laminate
36. Test for determination of peel strength of bond
37. Test specimen for shear strength of sandwich panel
38. Assembly of test specimen and grips
39. Biaxial design envelopes
40. Approximate values of Kc2
41. Graphical determination of k2: example D
42. Graphical determination of k2: example E
43. Restriction on vessel/attachment geometry
44. Vessel with central radial load
45. Vessel with radial load out of centre
46. Graph for finding equivalent length Le
47. Chart for finding 64 r/t (Cx/r) squared
48. Cylindrical shells with radial load: circumferential
    moment per millimetre width
49. Cylindrical shells with radial load: longitudinal
    moment per millimetre width
50. Cylindrical shells with radial load: circumferential
    membrane force per millimetre width
51. Cylindrical shells with radial load: longitudinal
    membrane force per millimetre width
52. Circumferential bending moment due to a radial line
    load variation round circumference
53. Longitudinal moment from radial line load variation
    round circumference
54. Circumferential membrane stress from radial line
    load variation round circumference
55. Longitudinal membrane forces from radial line load
    variation round circumference
56. Circumferential bending moment due to a radial line
    load variation along cylinder
57. Longitudinal moment due to a radial line load
    variation along cylinder
58. Circumferential membrane forces due to a radial line
    load variation along cylinder
59. Longitudinal membrane forces due to a radial line
    load variation along cylinder
60. Maximum radial deflection of a cylindrical shell
    subjected to a radial load, W, uniformly distributed
    over a square 2C x 2C
61. Maximum radial deflection of a cylindrical shell
    subjected to a radial load, W, uniformly distributed
    over a square 2C x 2C
62. Graphs for finding the square 2C1 x 2C1 equivalent
    to a rectangular loading area 2Cx x 2Cphi
63. Circumferential moment
64. Longitudinal moment
65. Chart for finding s and u
66. Spherical shell subjected to a radial load
67. Deflections of a spherical shell subjected to a
    radial load, W
68. Moments and membrane forces in a spherical shell
    subjected to a radial load, W
69. Spherical shell subjected to an external moment
70. Deflections of a spherical shell subjected to an
    external moment, M
71. to 84. More figures

Design, materials, construction, inspecting, testing and erection of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics, consisting of a polyester, epoxy or furane resin system reinforced with glass fibres, manufactured by the wet lay-up process.

Committee
PRI/5
DevelopmentNote
Supersedes BS 4994(1973) & 83/75797 DC. (07/2005)
DocumentType
Standard
Pages
200
PublisherName
British Standards Institution
Status
Withdrawn
SupersededBy
Supersedes

Standards Relationship
SANS 4994 : 1ED 1987 Identical

EEMUA 193 : 2013 MANAGING COMPETENCE ASSURANCE FOR PERSONNEL UNDERTAKING IN-SERVICE INSPECTION OF PRESSURE EQUIPMENT
EEMUA 225 : 1920 ABOVE GROUND PLASTIC TANKS - A GUIDE TO THEIR SPECIFICATION, INSTALLATION, COMMISSIONING, INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND DISPOSAL
BS 4549-1:1997 Guide to quality control requirements for reinforced plastics mouldings Guide to the preparation of a scheme to control the quality of glass reinforced polyester mouldings
PD 6686:2006 Guidance on directives, regulations and standards related to prevention of fire and explosion in the process industries
BS 7159:1989 Code of practice for design and construction of glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping systems for individual plants or sites
BS 2782-3:Methods 320A to 320F:1976 Methods of testing plastics. Mechanical properties Tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus

BS 882:1992 Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete
BS 2782-3:Methods 320A to 320F:1976 Methods of testing plastics. Mechanical properties Tensile strength, elongation and elastic modulus
BS 3846:1970 Methods for calibration and grading of extensometers for testing of metals
BS 308-3:1972 Engineering drawing practice. Geometrical tolerancing
BS 3496:1989 Specification for E glass fibre chopped strand mat for reinforcement of polyester and other liquid laminating systems
BS DD82(1982) : LATEST SPECIFICATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR SUITABILITY OF MATERIALS FOR USE IN CONTACT WITH WATER FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION WITH REGARD TO THEIR EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF THE WATER
BS 2782-1 Method 121A and 121B:1991 Methods of testing plastics. Thermal properties Determination of temperature of deflection of plastics under a bending stress
BS 6464:1984 Specification for reinforced plastics pipes, fittings and joints for process plants
BS 2782-10:Method 1003:1977 Methods of testing plastics. Glass reinforced plastics Determination of tensile properties
BS 2782-10 Method 1001:1977 Glass reinforced plastics measurement of hardness by means of a barcol impressor
BS 4987:1973 Specification for coated macadam for roads and other paved areas
BS 2782-10:Method 1002:1977 Methods of testing plastics. Glass reinforced plastics Determination of loss on ignition
BS CP114(1969) : AMD 4780 THE STRUCTURAL USE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN BUILDINGS
BS 1560-2:1970 Circular flanges for pipes, valves and fittings (Class designated) Specification for steel pipe flanges (nominal sizes ½ in to 24 in). Metric dimensions
BS CP3:CH5-2(1972) : AMD 7908 CODE OF BASIC DATA FOR THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS - LOADING - WIND LOADS
DIN 28086:1994-06 Lugs on vessels for use in process engineering - Dimensions and maximum safe working load
BS 903-A26:1969 Physical testing of rubber Determination of hardness
DIN 28085-1:1977-11 LIFTING LUGS FOR MOUNTING OF VESSELS AND APPARATUSES, SHORT FORM - DIMENSIONS
ASTM C 581 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Structures Intended for Liquid Service
BS 2782-2.232(1983) : LATEST METHODS OF TESTING PLASTICS - ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES - DETERMINATION OF INSULATION RESISTANCE
BS 2782-2.220&221(1983) : LATEST METHODS OF TESTING PLASTICS - ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES - DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL STRENGTH: RAPIDLY APPLIED VOLTAGE METHOD AND STEP-BY-STEP METHOD
BS 449:1959 The use of structural steel in building
BS 2782-3 Method 345A:1979 Methods of testing plastics. Mechanical properties Determination of compressive properties by deformation at constant rate
BS 1503:1989 Specification for steel forgings for pressure purposes
BS 3481-2:1983 Flat lifting slings Specification for flat woven webbing slings made of man-made fibre for general service
BS 3032:1958 Specification for higher tensile steel shackles
BS 6399-1:1984 Loading for buildings Code of practice for dead and imposed loads
BS 3293:1960 Specification for carbon steel pipe flanges (over 24 inches nominal size) for the petroleum industry
BS 2782-4:Method 453A:1978 Methods of testing plastics. Chemical properties Determination of residual styrene monomer in polystyrene by gas chromatography
BS 1755-1:1982 Glossary of terms used in the plastics industry Polymer and plastics technology
BS 1504:1976 Specification for steel castings for pressure purposes

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