1 - AS 2187.2-1993 EXPLOSIVES - STORAGE, TRANSPORT AND USE - USE OF EXPLOSIVES
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
7 - 1.1 SCOPE
7 - 1.2 NEW MATERIALS, METHODS AND APPLICATIONS
7 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
8 - 1.4 DEFINITIONS
8 - 1.4.1 Signal tube
8 - 1.4.2 Signal tube starter
8 - 1.5 REGULATORY AUTHORITY
9 - 1.6 AUTHORITY TO USE EXPLOSIVES
10 - SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
10 - 2.1 EXPLOSIVES
10 - 2.2 HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES
10 - 2.3 BLASTING EQUIPMENT
10 - 2.4 REPORTING OF THEFT OR LOSS OF EXPLOSIVES
10 - 2.5 REPORTING OF INJURY OR DAMAGE
10 - 2.5.1 Damage to property
10 - 2.5.2 Injury to or death of persons
10 - 2.6 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
11 - SECTION 3 SITE MIXING OF EXPLOSIVES
11 - 3.1 MATERIALS
11 - 3.2 FIRE PRECAUTIONS ON MIXING SITES
11 - 3.3 MIXING APPLIANCES AND BUILDINGS
11 - 3.3.1 Appliances
12 - 3.3.2 Mobile mixing appliances
14 - 3.3.3 Mixing-house buildings
15 - 3.4 MIXING OF ANFO
15 - 3.4.1 Materials
15 - 3.4.2 ANFO
15 - 3.5 STORAGE OF MIXED EXPLOSIVES
17 - SECTION 4 OPERATIONS PRIOR TO CHARGING
17 - 4.1 PNEUMATIC CHARGING
17 - 4.2 CAPPING SAFETY FUSE
17 - 4.2.1 Safety fuse
17 - 4.2.2 Inspection of plain detonators
17 - 4.2.3 Insertion of fuse in detonators
18 - 4.2.4 Waterproofing of detonator and fuse junction
18 - 4.3 CAPPING SITE
18 - 4.4 TESTING ELECTRIC DETONATORS
18 - 4.5 PREPARATION OF PRIMERS
19 - SECTION 5 CHARGING
19 - 5.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
19 - 5.2 PRECAUTIONS AT SITE
19 - 5.3 BLASTHOLES
19 - 5.3.1 Hole diameter
19 - 5.3.2 Drilling in old holes
19 - 5.3.3 Cleanness
19 - 5.4 INSERTION OF CHARGE
19 - 5.4.1 Position of person charging
20 - 5.4.2 Procedure
20 - 5.4.3 Free-flowing granular explosives
20 - 5.4.4 Cutting of cartridges
20 - 5.4.5 Location of primer
20 - 5.4.6 Pumpable explosives
21 - 5.5 STEMMING
21 - 5.5.1 Stemming material
21 - 5.5.2 Tamping of stemming material
21 - 5.5.3 Precautions
21 - 5.5.4 Tamping rods
21 - 5.6 BULLING
22 - SECTION 6 METHOD OF INITIATION
22 - 6.1 DETONATING CORD AND SIGNAL TUBE
22 - 6.2 SAFETY FUSE
22 - 6.3 ELECTRIC FIRING WITH EXPLODER
22 - 6.3.1 Exploders
23 - 6.3.2 Electrical firing circuit
23 - 6.3.3 Testing
23 - 6.4 MAINS FIRING
23 - 6.4.1 General
23 - 6.4.2 Firing switch
23 - 6.4.3 Firing cable
23 - 6.4.4 Electrical connections
24 - 6.5 NON-ELECTRIC FIRING
25 - SECTION 7 FIRING
25 - 7.1 WARNING PROCEDURES
25 - 7.2 PROCEDURES AFTER FIRING
25 - 7.2.1 Electric firing
25 - 7.2.2 Examination of site
26 - SECTION 8 MISFIRES
26 - 8.1 DETERMINATION OF MISFIRES
26 - 8.2 PRECAUTIONS
26 - 8.3 EXAMINATION OF SITE
26 - 8.4 TREATMENT OF MISFIRES
26 - 8.4.1 Refiring misfired holes
27 - 8.4.2 Removal of stemming
27 - 8.4.3 Firing of new hole in vicinity
27 - 8.4.4 Search for explosives
27 - 8.4.5 Alternative procedures
27 - 8.4.6 Explosive recovered from misfires
28 - SECTION 9 DISPOSAL OF SURPLUS AND DEFECTIVE EXPLOSIVES
28 - 9.1 GENERAL
28 - 9.2 METHOD OF DISPOSAL
28 - 9.2.1 General
28 - 9.2.2 Explosives other than detonators
28 - 9.2.3 Detonators
29 - SECTION 10 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
29 - 10.1 EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY
29 - 10.1.1 General
29 - 10.1.2 Atmospheric electrical activity
29 - 10.1.3 Direct contact with electrical conductors
29 - 10.1.4 Induced currents and stray currents
29 - 10.1.5 Static electricity
29 - 10.2 GROUND VIBRATION AND AIRBLAST
29 - 10.3 FLYROCK
30 - 10.4 BLASTING UNDER WATER
30 - 10.4.1 Precautions
30 - 10.4.2 Detonators
31 - 10.4.3 Junctions
31 - 10.4.4 Exploder key or handle
31 - 10.5 COMPRESSED AIR SHAFTS, CAISSONS AND TUNNELS
31 - 10.5.1 Storage
31 - 10.5.2 Transport into working chamber
31 - 10.5.3 Method of initiation
31 - 10.5.4 Testing of electric detonators
31 - 10.5.5 Firing, before and after
32 - 10.6 BLASTING IN HOT MATERIAL
32 - 10.6.1 General
32 - 10.6.2 Temperature measurement
32 - 10.6.3 Types of explosives
33 - 10.6.4 Charging
33 - 10.6.5 Misfires
33 - 10.7 HIGH TEMPERATURE BLASTING
33 - 10.7.1 Definition of high temperature blasting
33 - 10.7.2 Temperature measurement
33 - 10.7.3 Explosives and charging practices
33 - 10.7.4 Checking of blasthole
33 - 10.7.5 Cooling of blasthole
33 - 10.7.6 Preparation of charge
34 - 10.7.7 Assistance to shotfirer
34 - 10.7.8 Connecting firing circuit
34 - 10.7.9 Misfires
34 - 10.7.10 Stemming
34 - 10.7.11 Number of blastholes
34 - 10.8 DEMOLITION
34 - 10.9 BLASTING IN OXIDIZING GROUND
34 - 10.10 LASER HAZARDS
35 - APPENDIX A - BLASTING RECORDS
35 - A1 INTRODUCTION
35 - A2 GENERAL BLAST RECORD
35 - A3 LARGER BLAST RECORD
35 - A4 TUNNEL BLAST RECORD
39 - APPENDIX B - EQUIPMENT AND ITS MAINTENANCE
39 - B1 GENERAL
39 - B2 APPROVAL OF EQUIPMENT
39 - B3 CARE OF EQUIPMENT
39 - B4 CIRCUIT TESTER
40 - B5 EXPLODER
40 - B5.1 Maintenance
40 - B5.2 Routine testing
40 - B5.3 Construction
41 - B5.4 Labelling
41 - B5.5 Electrical design features
42 - B6 TESTING OF EXPLODERS
42 - B7 FIRING CABLE
43 - APPENDIX C - FIRE PRECAUTIONS
43 - C1 GENERAL
43 - C2 AMMONIUM NITRATE
43 - C3 EXPLOSIVES
44 - APPENDIX D - PREPARATION OF PRIMERS
44 - D1 PRIMING
44 - D2 METHOD OF INITIATION
45 - APPENDIX E - FLYROCK
45 - E1 INTRODUCTION
45 - E2 FLYROCK FORMATION
45 - E2.1 Weak rock structure
45 - E2.2 Front row hole burdens
45 - E2.3 Stemming depth
46 - E2.4 Initiation sequence
46 - E2.5 Blasthole diameter
47 - E2.6 Stemming material
47 - E3 FLYROCK CONTROL
47 - E3.1 General
48 - E3.2 Examination of blast site and surveying of blast faces and blastholes
50 - E3.3 Charge configuration and loading procedure
50 - E3.4 Stemming medium
51 - E3.5 Initiation
51 - E3.6 Blast pattern shape and alignment
51 - E3.7 Protective cover
53 - APPENDIX F - FIRING CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS
53 - F1 ELECTRIC FIRING
53 - F1.1 Series
53 - F1.2 Parallel connection
53 - F1.3 Series-in-parallel connection
53 - F1.4 Parallel-in-series connection
53 - F1.5 Connection and testing of electrical firing circuits
54 - F2 DETONATING CORD
54 - F3 SIGNAL TUBE
61 - APPENDIX G - DETERIORATION OF EXPLOSIVES
61 - G1 GENERAL
61 - G2 WATER-GEL EXPLOSIVES
61 - G3 EMULSION EXPLOSIVES
61 - G4 NITROGLYCERINE/NITROGLYCOL-BASED EXPLOSIVE
62 - G5 DETONATORS
63 - APPENDIX H - DESTRUCTION OF EXPLOSIVES BY BURNING
63 - H1 METHOD
63 - H2 GENERAL
65 - APPENDIX I - EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY
65 - I1 SCOPE
65 - I2 SOURCES OF EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY
65 - I3 GENERAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES
66 - I4 STRAY CURRENTS
66 - I4.1 General
66 - I4.2 Testing for stray currents
67 - I5 STATIC ELECTRICITY
67 - I5.1 General
67 - I5.2 Dusty conditions, snowstorms
67 - I5.3 Other static electric hazards
67 - I5.4 Pneumatic loading of free-flowing granular explosives
70 - APPENDIX J - GROUND VIBRATION AND AIRBLAST
70 - J1 INTRODUCTION
70 - J2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENA
70 - J2.1 Ground vibration
70 - J2.2 Airblast
71 - J3 RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM LEVELS
71 - J3.1 General
71 - J3.2 Ground vibration
72 - J3.3 Airblast
72 - J4 MEASUREMENT
72 - J4.1 General
72 - J4.2 Ground vibration
73 - J4.3 Airblast
73 - J4.4 Records
74 - J5 OPERATING PRACTICE
74 - J5.1 General
74 - J5.2 Ground vibration
74 - J5.3 Airblast reduction
75 - J6 BLASTING COMPLAINTS
76 - J7 ESTIMATION OF GROUND VIBRATION LEVELS
76 - J7.1 General
77 - J7.2 Free face-hard or highly structured rock
77 - J7.3 Free face-average rock
78 - J7.4 Heavily confined blasting-nearfield
80 - APPENDIX K - DEMOLITION
80 - K1 GENERAL
80 - K2 PRINCIPAL AREAS OF CONCERN
80 - K3 AUTHORITIES/DEPARTMENTS THAT MAY REQUIRE NOTIFICATION
81 - K4 PREPARATION OF THE STRUCTURE
81 - K5 EXPLOSIVES
81 - K6 INITIATION SYSTEMS
81 - K7 SUBMISSION TO REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
82 - K8 CONTINGENCY PLANNING