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ASTM C 177 : 2019

Superseded
Superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

View Superseded by
superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Superseded date

16-03-2023

Language(s)

English

Published date

17-01-2019

1.1This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.

1.1This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.

1.2The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.

1.3This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).2

1.4This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.

1.5The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.

1.6Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).

1.7This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of specimens, ranging from opaque solids to porous or transparent materials, and a wide range of environmental conditions including measurements conducted at extremes of temperature and with various gases and pressures.

1.8Inhomogeneities normal to the heat flux direction, such as layered structures, can be successfully evaluated using this test method. However, testing specimens with inhomogeneities in the heat flux direction, such as an insulation system with thermal bridges, can yield results that are location specific and shall not be attempted with this type of apparatus. See Test Method C1363 for guidance in testing these systems.

1.9Calculations of thermal transmission properties based upon measurements using this method shall be performed in conformance with Practice C1045.

1.10In order to ensure the level of precision and accuracy expected, persons applying this standard must possess a knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. Detailed operating procedures, including design schematics and electrical drawings, should be available for each apparatus to ensure that tests are in accordance with this test method. In addition, automated data collecting and handling systems connected to the apparatus must be verified as to their accuracy. This can be done by calibration and inputting data sets, which have known results associated with them, into computer programs.

1.11It is not practical for a test method of this type to establish details of design and construction and the procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning theory of heat flow, temperature measurements and general testing practices. The user may also find it necessary, when repairing or modifying the apparatus, to become a designer or builder, or both, on whom the demands for fundamental understanding and careful experimental technique are even greater. Standardization of this test method is not intended to restrict in any way the future development of new or improved apparatus or procedures.

1.12This test method does not specify all details necessary for the operation of the apparatus. Decisions on sampling, specimen selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of test data shall follow applicable ASTM Test Methods, Guides, Practices or Product Specifications or governmental regulations. If no applicable standard exists, sound engineering judgment that reflects accepted heat transfer principles must be used and documented.

1.13This test method allows a wide range of apparatus design and design accuracy to be used in order to satisfy the requirements of specific measurement problems. Compliance with this test method requires a statement of the uncertainty of each reported variable in the report. A discussion of the significant error factors involved is included.

1.14Major sections within this test method are arranged as follows:

Section

Section

Scope

1

Referenced Documents

2

Terminology

3

Summary of Test Method

4

Significance and Use

5

Apparatus

6

Specimen Preparation and Conditioning

7

Procedure

8

Calculation of Results

9

Report

10

Precision and Bias

11

Keywords

12

Figures

General Arrangement of the Mechanical Components of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

Fig. 1

Illustration of Heat Flow in the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

Fig.2

Example Report Form

Fig. 3

Annexes

Importance of Thickness

A1.1

Measuring Thickness

A1.2

Limitations Due to Apparatus

A1.3

Limitations Due to Temperature

A1.4

Limitations Due to Specimen

A1.5

Random and Systematic Error Components

A1.6

Error Components for Variables

A1.7

Thermal Conductance or Thermal Resistance Error Analysis

A1.8

Thermal Conductivity or Thermal Resistivity Error Analysis

A1.9

Uncertainty Verification

A1.10

1.15The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

1.16This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 22.

1.17This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Committee
C 16
DocumentType
Test Method
Pages
23
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Superseded
SupersededBy
Supersedes

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ASTM C 518 : 2017 Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
ASTM C 1043 : 2016 Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources
ASTM E 691 : 2021 Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
ASTM C 518 : 2021 Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
ASTM C 1043 : 2006 Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources
ASTM C 1045 : 1997 Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
ASTM C 1044 : 2016 Standard Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
ASTM C 168 : 2022 Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
ASTM C 1058 : 2003 : R2008 Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
ASTM C 1043 : 1997 Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources
ASTM C 1045 : 2007 Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
ASTM C 518 : 1998 Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

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