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ASTM D 6001 : 2005 : R2012

Superseded
Superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

View Superseded by
superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Superseded date

12-11-2020

Language(s)

English

Published date

06-12-2012

CONTAINED IN VOL. 04.09, 2015 Describes the methods for sampling ground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion of sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and removal of cuttings.

1.1This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and removal of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented.

1.2Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality studies. Water quality may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These investigations are frequently required in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.

1.3Direct-push methods can provide accurate information on the distribution of water quality if provisions are made to ensure that cross-contamination or linkage between water bearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with a sealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-site analysis of water samples, can provide the most accurate depiction of water quality conditions at the time of sampling. Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen sampling devices may be useful and are considered as screening tools depending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screen samplers may require development or purging depending on sampling and quality assurance plans. Results from direct-push investigations can be used to guide placement of permanent groundwater monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts. Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict conditions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outer push tube seals the hole, prevents the sampling tools from coming in contact with the formation, except at the sampling point.

1.4Field test methods described in this guide include installation of temporary well points, and insertion of water samplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion methods include: (1) soil probing using combinations of impact, percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions of smooth static force; (2) smooth static force from the surface using hydraulic cone penetrometer (Guide D6067) or drilling equipment (Guide D6286), and incremental drilling combined with direct-push water sampling events. Under typical incremental drilling operations, samplers are advanced with assistance of drilling equipment by smooth hydraulic push, or mechanical impacts from hammers or other vibratory equipment. Direct-push water sampling maybe combined with other sampling methods (Guide D6169) in drilled holes. Methods for borehole abandonment by grouting are also addressed.

1.5Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that can be penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damage may result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending or assembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, or damage to samplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, some of which are discussed in 5.6. Information in this procedure is limited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturated groundwater conditions. Some soil formations do not yield water in a timely fashion for direct-push sampling. In the case of unyielding formations direct-push soil sampling can be performed (Guide D6282).

1.6This guide does not address installation of permanent water sampling systems such as those presented in Practice D5092. Direct-push monitoring wells for long term monitoring are addressed in Guide D6724 and Practice D6725.

1.7Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation.

1.8This guide does not purport to address all aspects of exploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use.

1.9This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

Committee
D 18
DocumentType
Guide
Pages
16
ProductNote
Reconfirmed 2012
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Superseded
SupersededBy
Supersedes

ASTM D 7939 : 2015 Standard Test Method for Rapid Radiochemical Determination of Americium-241 in Water (Withdrawn 2024)
ASTM D 6286 : 2012 Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization
ASTM D 7168 : 2016 Standard Test Method for <sup>99</sup>Tc in Water by Solid Phase Extraction Disk
ASTM D 6232 : 2016 Standard Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for Waste and Contaminated Media Data Collection Activities
ASTM D 5811 : 2008 : R2013 Standard Test Method for Strontium-90 in Water
ASTM D 7100 : 2011 Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
ASTM D 7283 : 2017 Standard Test Method for Alpha and Beta Activity in Water By Liquid Scintillation Counting
ASTM D 6725/D6725M : 2016 Standard Practice for Direct Push Installation of Prepacked Screen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated Aquifers
ASTM D 7242/D7242M : 2006 : R2013 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Field Pneumatic Slug (Instantaneous Change in Head) Tests to Determine Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers with Direct Push Groundwater Samplers (Withdrawn 2022)
ASTM D 5092/D5092M : 2016 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 7535 : 2009 : R2015 Standard Test Method for Lead-210 in Water (Withdrawn 2024)
ASTM D 6724/D6724M : 2016 Standard Guide for Installation of Direct Push Groundwater Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5174 : 2007 : R2013 Standard Test Method for Trace Uranium in Water by Pulsed-Laser Phosphorimetry (Withdrawn 2022)
ASTM D 5995 : 2018 Standard Guide for Environmental Site Investigation in Cold Regions
ASTM D 6067/D6067M : 2017 Standard Practice for Using the Electronic Piezocone Penetrometer Tests for Environmental Site Characterization and Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity
ASTM D 2460 : 2007 : R2013 Standard Test Method for Alpha-Particle-Emitting Isotopes of Radium in Water (Withdrawn 2022)
ASTM D 8037/D8037M : 2016 Standard Practice for Direct Push Hydraulic Logging for Profiling Variations of Permeability in Soils
ASTM D 6282/D6282M : 2014 Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations (Withdrawn 2023)

ASTM D 5434 : 1997 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock
ASTM D 5092 : 2004 : R2010 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 6517 : 2000 : R2005 Standard Guide for Field Preservation of Groundwater Samples
ASTM D 6725 : 2004 : R2010 Standard Practice for Direct Push Installation of Prepacked Screen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated Aquifers
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 : R2019 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5730 : 2002 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water
ASTM D 6452 : 2018 Standard Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used for Ground Water Quality Investigations
ASTM D 5092 : 2002 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
ASTM D 4750 : 1987 : R1993 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well)
ASTM D 5314 : 1992 : R2006 Standard Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose Zone (Withdrawn 2015)
ASTM D 5778 : 1995 : R2000 Standard Test Method for Performing Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils
ASTM D 5474 : 1993 : R2000 Standard Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water Investigations
ASTM D 6634 : 2001 Standard Guide for the Selection of Purging and Sampling Devices for Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 6282 : 1998 Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations
ASTM D 5730 : 1998 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water
ASTM D 6517 : 2018 Standard Guide for Field Preservation of Ground Water Samples
ASTM D 6235 : 2004 Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Ground Water Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 4448 : 1985 : REV A : R1992 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 6067 : 1996 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Using the Electronic Cone Penetrometer for Environmental Site Characterization
ASTM D 2488 : 1969 : R1975 Recommended Practice for Description Of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
ASTM D 5088 : 2002 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 5778 : 2007 Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils
ASTM D 4700 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
ASTM D 6517 : 2000 Standard Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-Water Samples
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 : R2013 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 6724 : 2004 Standard Guide for Installation of Direct Push Ground Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 : R2007 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5434 : 2012 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock (Withdrawn 2021)
ASTM D 5903 : 1996 : R2006 Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event
ASTM D 6235 : 2004 : R2010 Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 2488 : 2017 Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
ASTM D 6089 : 1997 : R2010 Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event
ASTM D 6169 : 1998 Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations
ASTM D 6911 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Guide for Packaging and Shipping Environmental Samples for Laboratory Analysis
ASTM D 6286 : 2012 : REDLINE Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization
ASTM D 5088 : 2015 : REV A Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 5092 : 2004 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
ASTM D 6911 : 2015 Standard Guide for Packaging and Shipping Environmental Samples for Laboratory Analysis
ASTM D 5254 : 1992 : R1998 Standard Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Ground-Water Site
ASTM D 6724 : 2004 : R2010 Standard Guide for Installation of Direct Push Groundwater Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5521 : 2005 Standard Guide for Development of Groundwater Monitoring Wells in Granular Aquifers
ASTM D 6564 : 2000 : R2005 Standard Guide for Field Filtration of Groundwater Samples
ASTM D 6771 : 2002 Standard Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling for Wells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Investigations (Withdrawn 2011)
ASTM D 6911 : 2003 : R2010 Standard Guide for Packaging and Shipping Environmental Samples for Laboratory Analysis
ASTM D 5474 : 1993 : R2006 Standard Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Groundwater Investigations
ASTM D 5778 : 2012 Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils
ASTM D 6911 : 2003 Standard Guide for Packaging and Shipping Environmental Samples for Laboratory Analysis
ASTM D 6517 : 2000 : R2012 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Field Preservation of Groundwater Samples
ASTM D 6089 : 2015 Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event
ASTM D 5474 : 1993 : R2012 Standard Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Groundwater Investigations (Withdrawn 2021)
ASTM D 5088 : 2020 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 5092 : 2004 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5088 : 1990 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 6235 : 1998 : REV A Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Ground Water Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 5778 : 2012 : REDLINE Standard Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils
ASTM D 6771 : 2018 Standard Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling for Wells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Investigations
ASTM D 2488 : 2009 Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
ASTM D 6725 : 2004 Standard Practice for Direct Push Installation of Prepacked Screen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated Aquifers
ASTM D 5434 : 2003 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock
ASTM D 6235 : 2018 Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 6452 : 1999 Standard Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used for Ground-Water Quality Investigations
ASTM D 6067 : 1996 : R2003 Standard Guide for Using the Electronic Cone Penetrometer for Environmental Site Characterization
ASTM D 2488 : 2000 Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
ASTM D 6452 : 1999 : R2012 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used for Groundwater Quality Investigations
ASTM D 6724 : 2001 Standard Guide for Installation of Direct Push Ground Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5092 : 1990 : R1995 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
ASTM D 4750 : 1987 : R2001 Standard Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well) (Withdrawn 2010)
ASTM D 5314 : 1992 : R2001 Standard Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose Zone
ASTM D 6089 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event
ASTM D 5254 : 1992 : R2004 Standard Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Ground-Water Site
ASTM D 5521 : 1994 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Development of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells in Granular Aquifers (Withdrawn 2003)
ASTM D 6725 : 2001 Standard Practice for Direct Push Installation of Prepacked Screen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated Aquifers
ASTM D 6634 : 2001 : R2006 Standard Guide for the Selection of Purging and Sampling Devices for Groundwater Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5088 : 2015 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 5088 : 2002 : R2008 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 5903 : 1996 : R2017 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5434 : 2009 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock
ASTM D 6089 : 1997 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Documenting a Ground-Water Sampling Event
ASTM D 6564 : 2000 : R2012 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Field Filtration of Groundwater Samples
ASTM D 6564 : 2000 Standard Guide for Field Filtration of Ground-Water Samples
ASTM D 5730 : 2004 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Groundwater (Withdrawn 2013)
ASTM D 6452 : 1999 : R2005 Standard Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used for Groundwater Quality Investigations
ASTM D 6089 : 1997 : R2003 Standard Guide for Documenting a Ground-Water Sampling Event
ASTM D 5903 : 1996 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event
ASTM D 5314 : 1992 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose Zone
ASTM D 6067 : 2010 Standard Practice for Using the Electronic Piezocone Penetrometer Tests for Environmental Site Characterization
ASTM D 2488 : 2009 : REV A Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
ASTM D 2488 : 2017 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
ASTM D 5903 : 1996 : R2012 Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event
ASTM D 2488 : 2006 Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
ASTM D 653 : 2014 : REDLINE Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 6089 : 2019 Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event

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