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ASTM E 1943 : 1998 : R2015

Current
Current

The latest, up-to-date edition.

Standard Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Language(s)

English

Published date

01-04-2015

CONTAINED IN VOL. 11.05, 2016 Describes the appropriateness of remediation by natural attenuation and implementing remediation by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site, either as a stand alone remedial action or in combination with other remedial actions.

1.1This is a guide for determining the appropriateness of remediation by natural attenuation and implementing remediation by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site, either as a stand alone remedial action or in combination with other remedial actions.

1.2Natural attenuation is a potential remediation alternative for containment and reduction of the mass and concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment to protect human health and the environment. Remediation by natural attenuation depends upon natural processes such as biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, volatilization, hydrolysis, and sorption to attenuate petroleum constituents of concern to achieve remedial goals.

Note 1:Remedial goals must be established through another process as determined by the appropriate regulatory agency.

1.3In general, remediation by natural attenuation should not be considered a presumptive remedy. A determination of whether remediation by natural attenuation is appropriate for an individual petroleum release site, relative to site-specific remedial goals, requires site characterization, assessment of potential risks, evaluation of the need for source area control, and evaluation of potential effectiveness similar to other remedial action technologies. Application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation requires demonstration of remedial progress and attainment of remedial goals by use of converging lines of evidence obtained through monitoring and evaluation of resulting data. When properly applied to a site, remediation by natural attenuation is a process for risk management and achieving remedial goals. Monitoring should be conducted until it has been demonstrated that natural attenuation will continue and eventually meet remedial goals.

1.3.1The primary line of evidence for remediation by natural attenuation is provided by observed reductions in plume geometry and observed reductions in concentrations of the constituents of concern at the site.

1.3.2Secondary lines of evidence for remediation by natural attenuation are provided by geochemical indicators of naturally occurring degradation and estimates of attenuation rates.

1.3.3Additional optional lines of evidence can be provided by microbiological information and further analysis of primary and secondary lines of evidence such as through solute transport modeling or estimates of assimilative capacity.

1.4The emphasis in this guide is on the use of remediation by natural attenuation for petroleum hydrocarbon constituents where ground water is impacted. Though soil and ground water impacts are often linked, this guide does not address natural attenuation in soils separate from ground water or in situations where soils containing constituents of concern exist without an associated ground water impact. Even if natural attenuation is selected as the remedial action for ground water, additional remedial action may be necessary to address other completed exposure pathways at the site.

1.5This guide does not address enhanced bioremediation or enhanced attenuation.

1.6Also, while much of what is discussed is relevant to other organic chemicals or constituents of concern, these situations will involve additional considerations not addressed in this guide.

1.7The guide is organized as follows:

1.7.1Section 2 lists referenced documents.

1.7.2Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.

1.7.3Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide.

1.7.4Section 5 provides an overview of the use of natural attenuation as a remedial action alternative, including;

1.7.4.1Advantages of remediation by natural attenuation as a remedial alternative;

1.7.4.2Limitations of remediation by natural attenuation as a remedial alternative; and

1.7.4.3Using multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate the appropriateness of remediation by natural remediation.

1.7.5Section 6 describes the decision process for appropriate application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation including;

1.7.5.1Initial response, site characterization, selection of chemicals of concern, and establishment of remedial goals;

1.7.5.2Evaluation of plume status;

1.7.5.3Collection and evaluation of additional data;

1.7.5.4Comparing remediation by natural attenuation performance to remedial goals;

1.7.5.5Comparing remediation by natural attenuation to other remedial options;

1.7.5.6Implementation of a continued monitoring program;

1.7.5.7Evaluation of progress of remediation by natural attenuation; and

1.7.5.8No further action.

1.7.6Section 7 lists keywords relevant to this guide.

1.7.7Appendix X1 describes natural attenuation processes;

1.7.8Appendix X2 describes site characterization requirements for evaluating remediation by natural attenuation;

1.7.9Appendix X3 describes considerations for designing and implementing monitoring for remediation by natural attenuation;

1.7.10Appendix X4 describes sampling considerations and analytical methods for determining indicator parameters for remediation by natural attenuation;

1.7.11Appendix X5 describes the interpretation of different lines of evidence as indicators of natural attenuation;

1.7.12Appendix X6 describes methods for evaluation and quantification of natural attenuation rates; and

1.7.13Appendix X7 describes example problems illustrating the application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation.

1.8This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations prior to use.

Committee
E 50
DocumentType
Guide
Pages
43
ProductNote
Reconfirmed 2015
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Current
Supersedes

ASTM E 2081 : 2000 : R2015 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action
ASTM E 2616 : 2009 : R2014 Standard Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations
ASTM E 2531 : 2006 : R2014 Standard Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Released to the Subsurface

ASTM D 5434 : 1997 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock
ASTM D 4700 : 1991 : R2006 Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
ASTM D 5269 : 2015 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method (Withdrawn 2024)
ASTM D 5269 : 1996 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
ASTM D 5092 : 2004 : R2010 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 4106 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 1452 : 2009 Standard Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings
ASTM D 1586 : 2008 : REV A Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 : R2019 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 4658 : 2003 Standard Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water
ASTM D 5092 : 2002 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
ASTM D 4750 : 1987 : R1993 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well)
ASTM D 4658 : 2008 Standard Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water
ASTM D 4043 : 1996 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer-Test Method in Determining of Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
ASTM D 4106 : 1996 : R2008 Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 1586 : 1999 Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
ASTM D 1586 : 2008 Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
ASTM D 4372 : 1993 Standard Specification for Flame-Resistant Materials Used in Camping Tentage (Withdrawn 2002)
ASTM E 1689 : 1995 : R2008 Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 5269 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
ASTM D 4043 : 2017 : REDLINE Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
ASTM D 4658 : 2009 Standard Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water
ASTM D 4448 : 1985 : REV A : R1992 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 4050 : 2020 Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
ASTM D 4700 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
ASTM D 4044 : 1996 Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 : R2013 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM E 1739 : 1995 : R2015 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites (Withdrawn 2024)
ASTM D 4106 : 1996 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 1125 : 2014 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water (Withdrawn 2023)
ASTM D 1498 : 2000 Standard Practice for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water
ASTM D 4104 : 1996 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
ASTM D 1452 : 2007 : REV A Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings
ASTM E 1739 : 1995 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites
ASTM E 1739 : 1995 : R2002 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites
ASTM D 4106 : 2020 Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 4658 : 2015 Standard Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water (Withdrawn 2024)
ASTM D 4044 : 1996 : R2008 Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers
ASTM D 1498 : 2007 Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 : R2007 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 4044 : 1996 : R2002 Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers
ASTM D 5434 : 2012 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock (Withdrawn 2021)
ASTM E 1689 : 1995 : R2003 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 5270 : 1996 : R2008 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
ASTM D 5269 : 1996 : R2002 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
ASTM D 4104 : 1996 : R2004 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
ASTM D 1586 : 2011 Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
ASTM D 5092 : 2004 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
ASTM D 4104 : 2017 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
ASTM D 4050 : 1996 : R2002 Standard Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
ASTM D 5270 : 1996 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
ASTM E 1689 : 1995 Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites
ASTM E 1739 : 1995 : R2010 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites
ASTM D 1498 : 2014 : REDLINE Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water
ASTM E 1599 : 1994 Standard Guide for Corrective Action for Petroleum Releases (Withdrawn 2002)
ASTM D 1293 : 1999 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water
ASTM D 888 : 2012-05 TEST METHODS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER
ASTM D 5092 : 2004 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 4106 : 1996 : R2002 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 5473 : 1993 : R2006 Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyzing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well and Determining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer (Withdrawn 2015)
ASTM D 4658 : 2015 : REDLINE Standard Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water
ASTM D 1125 : 1995 : R1999 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
ASTM D 4050 : 1996 Standard Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
ASTM D 1498 : 2014 : R2022 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water
ASTM D 4105 : 1996 : R2008 Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 4700 : 2015 Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone (Withdrawn 2024)
ASTM D 5434 : 2003 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock
ASTM D 1293 : 1999 : R2005 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water
ASTM D 4050 : 2014 : REDLINE Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
ASTM D 5270 : 1996 : R2014 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
ASTM D 4658 : 1992 : R1996 Standard Test Method for Sulfide Ion in Water
ASTM D 1498 : 2014 Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water
ASTM D 1293 : 2018 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water
ASTM D 5092 : 1990 : R1995 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
ASTM D 4043 : 1996 : R2010 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
ASTM D 4750 : 1987 : R2001 Standard Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well) (Withdrawn 2010)
ASTM D 1125 : 2014 : REDLINE Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water (Withdrawn 2023)
ASTM D 5473 : 1993 : R2000 Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyzing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well and Determining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer
ASTM D 1452 : 2007 Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings
ASTM E 1912 : 1998 : R2004 Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases (Withdrawn 2013)
ASTM D 4106 : 2015 Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 4105 : 2015 Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 4105 : 1996 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 1125 : 1995 : R2005 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
ASTM D 4700 : 1991 : R1998 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
ASTM D 4050 : 2014 Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
ASTM D 1125 : 2023 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
ASTM D 5270 : 1996 : R2002 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
ASTM D 888 : 1992 : R1996 Standard Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
ASTM D 1498 : 2008 Standard Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water
ASTM D 4448 : 2001 Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
ASTM D 5434 : 2009 Standard Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Rock
ASTM D 1293 : 2012 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water
ASTM D 4105 : 1996 : R2002 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
ASTM D 5269 : 1996 : R2008 Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery Method
ASTM D 4104 : 1996 : R2010 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)
ASTM D 4043 : 1996 : R2004 Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
ASTM D 1498 : 1993 Standard Practice for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Water
ASTM E 1912 : 1998 Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases
ASTM D 1125 : 1995 : R2009 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water
ASTM E 1689 : 2020 Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites
ASTM E 1689 : 1995 : R2014 Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 1293 : 1984 : R1990 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water
ASTM D 4050 : 1996 : R2008 Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems
ASTM D 4043 : 2017 Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
ASTM D 1452 : 1980 : R2000 Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings

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