• There are no items in your cart
We noticed you’re not on the correct regional site. Switch to our AMERICAS site for the best experience.
Dismiss alert

BS 4485-4:1996

Current
Current

The latest, up-to-date edition.

Water cooling towers Code of practice for structural design and construction
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Language(s)

English

Published date

15-08-1996

Committees responsible
Foreword
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
1.2 References
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Symbols
1.5 Materials and workmanship
1.6 Packing support structures
1.7 Packings, water distribution systems, eliminators
      and cladding
1.8 Cooling tower fittings
1.9 Water retaining structures
1.10 Foundations and bases
Section 2. Hyperboloidal cooling towers (type 1 towers)
2.1 Basis of design
2.2 Loading
2.3 Design considerations
2.4 Construction
Section 3. Mechanical draught towers (type 2 towers)
3.1 Characteristic loads
3.2 Design considerations
Annexes
A (normative) Recommendations for stress graded
      timber triangular section laths
B (normative) Guidance on the use of plastics
      materials
C (informative) Wind tunnel testing
D (informative) Circumferential wind pressure
      distribution for hyperboloidal towers
E (normative) Estimation of resonant stresses
F (informative) Derivation of natural frequencies of
      hyperboloidal towers
Tables
1 Dimensional deviations of precast components
2 Coatings of metal components
3 Determination of lt and lp
4 Correction factors for stresses due to adjacent
      structures
5 Minimum reinforcement in shell
A.1 Permissible knot size for a 38 mm x 38 mm lath
Figures
1 Pressure coefficient distribution for determination
      of wind loading
2 Arrangement of reinforcement trimming for openings
      in shells
3 Arrangement of reinforcement in the shell
A.1 Splay knot
A.2 Arris knot
A.3 Face knot
F.1 Typical finite element representation of cooling
      tower with column supports
List of references

Applicable to structural design and construction on site of hyperboloidal shell natural draught towers, and to mechanical draught towers.

This Part of BS 4485 gives recommendations for the structural design and construction of water cooling towers of the following types: type 1. Natural draught or assisted draught towers, in which the total air flow is wholly or partly induced by a reinforced concrete shell of hyperboloidal form; type 2. Mechanical draught towers, in which the total air flow is induced wholly by mechanical means within an enclosed structure. It applies only to those cooling towers constructed or erected on site and excludes factory assembled towers. In addition, matters relating to construction and workmanship in concrete and other materials are dealt with only in so far as they are specific to cooling tower construction. Other items of construction are referred to in appropriate specifications. This code of practice covers the design of towers up to 170 m in height. However certain restrictions apply to formulae used for towers greater than 120 m in height. NOTE For cooling towers of type 1, shells similar in shape to the true hyperboloidal form may be considered. Where these other shapes are adopted then certain sections of this standard may not be strictly applicable.

Committee
B/525
DevelopmentNote
Supersedes 92/17117 DC and BS 4485-4(1975). (08/2005) Reviewed and confirmed by BSI, December 2011. (11/2011)
DocumentType
Standard
Pages
34
PublisherName
British Standards Institution
Status
Current
Supersedes

BS 5493:1977 Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion
BS 882:1992 Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete
BS 5075-3:1985 Concrete admixtures Specification for superplasticizing admixtures
BS 8004:1986 Code of practice for foundations
BS 8118-2(1991) : 1991 STRUCTURAL USE OF ALUMINIUM - PART 2: SPECIFICATION FOR MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP AND PROTECTION
BS 4921:1988 Specification for sherardized coatings on iron or steel
BS 8118-1:1991 STRUCTURAL USE OF ALUMINUM - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN
BS 5075-1:1982 Concrete admixtures Specification for accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures and water reducing admixtures
BS 3496:1989 Specification for E glass fibre chopped strand mat for reinforcement of polyester and other liquid laminating systems
BS 690-5:1975 Asbestos-cement slates and sheets Lining sheets and panels
BS 5911-101:1988 Precast concrete pipes, fittings and ancillary products Specification for glass composite concrete (GCC) pipes and fittings with flexible joints
BS 6399-2:1995 Loading for buildings Code of practice for wind loads
BS 690-2:1981 Asbestos-cement slates and sheets Specification for asbestos-cement and cellulose-asbestos-cement flat sheets
BS 144:1973 Specification for coal tar creosote for the preservation of timber
BS 8110-2:1985 STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE - PART 2: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
BS 1224:1970 Specification for electroplated coatings of nickel and chromium
BS 5395-3:1985 Stairs, ladders and walkways Code of practice for the design of industrial type stairs, permanent ladders and walkways
BS 8007:1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR RETAINING AQUEOUS LIQUIDS
BS 1706:1990 Method for specifying electroplated coatings of zinc and cadmium on iron and steel
BS EN 10028-1:2017 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes General requirements
BS EN 10028-3:2017 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes Weldable fine grain steels, normalized
BS 5075-2:1982 Concrete admixtures Specification for air-entraining admixtures
BS 8110-1:1985 Structural use of concrete Code of practice for design and construction
BS EN 10028-2:2017 Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes Non-alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties
BS 4211:1994 Specification for ladders for permanent access to chimneys, other high structures, silos and bins
BS EN 10029:2010 Hot-rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above. Tolerances on dimensions and shape
BS 5556:1978 Specification for general requirements for dimensions and pressure ratings for pipe of thermoplastics materials (metric series)
BS 7773:1995 Code of practice for cleaning and preparation of metal surfaces
BS 4978:1996 Specification for visual strength grading of softwood
BS 5911-110:1992 Precast concrete pipes, fittings and ancillary products Specification for ogee pipes and fittings (including perforated)
BS 3656:1981 Specification for asbestos-cement pipes, joints and fittings for sewerage and drainage
BS 6681:1986 Specification for malleable cast iron
BS 4027:1996 Specification for sulfate-resisting Portland cement
BS DD76-2(1983) : 1983 PRECAST CONCRETE PIPES OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION - PRECAST CONCRETE PIPES STRENGTHENED BY CHOPPED ZINC-COATED STEEL FIBRES
BS 6399-1:1996 LOADING FOR BUILDINGS - PART 1: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DEAD AND IMPOSED LOADS
BS 5480:1990 Specification for glass reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes, joints and fittings for use for water supply or sewerage

View more information
£232.00
Excluding VAT

Access your standards online with a subscription

Features

  • Simple online access to standards, technical information and regulations.

  • Critical updates of standards and customisable alerts and notifications.

  • Multi-user online standards collection: secure, flexible and cost effective.