API 2016 : 2001

1 GENERAL
   1.1 Scope
   1.2 Applicability
   1.3 Regulatory Requirements
   1.4 Administrative Controls and Procedures
2 REFERENCES
   2.1 Codes, Standards, and Related Publications
   2.2 United States Government Regulations
   2.3 Other Publications and References
3 DEFINITIONS
   3.1 General
   3.2 Definitions
4 PETROLEUM STORAGE TANK HAZARDS
   4.1 Hazards
   4.2 Oxygen Deficiency and Enrichment
   4.3 Fires and Explosions
   4.4 Toxic Substances
   4.5 Stress Exposures
   4.6 Physical and Other Hazards
5 VAPOR AND GAS FREEING, DEGASSING, AND VENTILATING
   TANKS
   5.1 General
   5.2 Vapor and Gas Freeing (and Degassing) Hazards
   5.3 Mechanical Vapor and Gas Freeing
   5.4 Steam Vapor Freeing
   5.5 Natural Ventilation
   5.6 Inert Gas Purging
   5.7 Displacement of Vapors Using Water (Fuel Oil)
   5.8 Degassing
6 REMOVING SLUDGE AND RESIDUE FROM TANKS
   6.1 General
   6.2 Pumping and Vacuum Equipment
   6.3 Safe Removal Precautions
   6.4 Noninvasive Removal
   6.5 Removal from Outside the Tank
   6.6 Removal from Inside the Tank
   6.7 Sludge Disposal
7 UNIQUE TANKS
   7.1 General
   7.2 Very Large Tanks
   7.3 Floating Roof Tanks
   7.4 Double Wall and Double Bottom Tanks
   7.5 Low Pressure Storage Tanks
   7.6 Conservation Tanks
8 SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
   8.1 General
   8.2 Tanks with Pyrophoric Iron Sulfide Deposits
   8.3 Cleaning Tanks With Products That Contain
         Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S)
   8.4 Tanks That Have Been In Leaded Service
   8.5 Tanks Containing Hazardous Sludge and Residue
9 CONTROL OF IGNITION SOURCES
   9.1 General
   9.2 Internal Combustion Engines
   9.3 Electrical Motors and Generators
   9.4 Artificial Lighting
   9.5 Electrical Bonding
   9.6 Lightning Storms
   9.7 Pyrophoric Iron Sulfide Deposits
   9.8 Hot Work
   9.9 Smoking
10 TANK CLEANING CHECKLIST
   10.1 General
   10.2 Preplanning
   10.3 Removing Recoverable Product
   10.4 Tank Isolation
   10.5 Vapor-Freeing the Tank
   10.6 Atmospheric Testing
   10.7 Cleaning the Tank
   10.8 Working Inside and Around the Tank
   10.9 Returning the Tank to Service
   10.10 Recommissioning
   10.11 Recommissioning Safety Check
11 OXYGEN, COMBUSTIBLE GAS, AND TOXIC SUBSTANCE
   INSTRUMENTS
   11.1 General
   11.2 Oxygen Monitors
   11.3 Combustible Gas (Flammable Vapor) Indicators
   11.4 Toxic Substance Testing Instruments
12 FLOATING ROOF HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH TANK CLEANING
   12.1 General
   12.2 Applicability
   12.3 Floating Roof Stability
   12.4 Floating Roof Legs
   12.5 Roof Failure and Collapse
   12.6 Entry Onto or Below Floating Roofs
         (and Into Pontoons)
   12.7 Inspections
   12.8 Floating Roof Temporary Support Requirements
Figures
Tables