AS 1958-1981

1 - AS 1958-1981 SAA SUBMARINE PIPELINE CODE
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
7 - 1.1 SCOPE.
7 - 1.2 APPLICATION.
9 - 1.3 SAFETY.
9 - 1.4 SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS.
9 - 1.4.1 Symbols.
11 - 1.4.2 Definitions.
13 - 1.5 STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS.
13 - 1.5.1 General.
13 - 1.5.2 Nominated Standards.
13 - 1.5.3 Application of Nominated Standards.
13 - 1.5.4 Supplementary Standards
13 - 1.6 INTERPRETATION.
14 - SECTION 2. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
14 - 2.1 GENERAL.
14 - 2.1.1 Safety and Suitability.
14 - 2.1.2 Qualification.
14 - 2.2 QUALIFICATION CATEGORIES OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
14 - 2.3 QUALIFYING PROCEDURES- GENERAL.
14 - 2.3.1 Materials and Components Complying with Standards or Specifications Listed in this Standard.
14 - 2.3.2 Materials and Components Complying with Standards or Specifications Not Listed in this Standard
14 - 2.3.3 Components, other than Pipe, for which no Standards or Specifications Exist
14 - 2.3.4 Pipe.
14 - 2.3.5 Used Pipe Complying with a Standard or Specifications Listed in this Standard
14 - 2.3.6 New or Used Pipe Complying with a Standard or Specification not Listed in this Standard.
15 - 2.4 QUALIFYING REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW OR USED PIPE COMPLYING WITH A STANDARD OR SPECIFICATION NOT LISTED IN THIS STANDARD
15 - 2.4.1 Inspection.
15 - 2.4.2 Bending and Flattening Tests.
16 - 2.4.3 Determination of Wall Thickness.
16 - 2.4.4 Longitudinal Joint Factor.
16 - 2.4.5 Weldability.
16 - 2.4.6 Determination of Yield Stress.
16 - 2.4.7 Hydrostatic Test.
16 - 2.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS.
16 - 2.5.1 General.
16 - 2.5.2 Test Specimens.
17 - 2.5.3 Test Temperature.
17 - 2.5.4 Fracture Surface Appearance.
18 - 2.5.5 Transverse Energy Absorption.
18 - 2.6 VALVES, FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES.
18 - 2.6.1 General.
18 - 2.6.2 Valves, Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
18 - 2.6.3 Steel Butt-welding Fittings.
18 - 2.6.4 Fabricated Steel Fittings.
18 - 2.6.5 Gaskets and Ring Joints.
18 - 2.6.6 Bolting.
18 - 2.7 EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COATING.
18 - 2.7.1 Pipeline Coating.
19 - 2.7.2 Joint and Repair Coating.
19 - 2.8 INTERNAL PROTECTIVE LINING.
19 - 2.8.1 Pipeline Lining.
19 - 2.8.2 Joint and Repair Lining.
19 - 2.9 WEIGHT COATING.
19 - 2.10 GALVANIC ANODES.
20 - SECTION 3. DESIGN
20 - 3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.
20 - 3.1.1 General.
20 - 3.1.2 Design Criteria.
20 - 3.1.3 Environmental Data.
20 - 3.1.4 Environmental and Other Influences.
20 - 3.1.5 Application of Other Pipeline Standards.
20 - 3.2 DESIGN PRESSURE.
20 - 3.2.1 Internal Design Pressure.
21 - 3.2.2 External Design Pressure.
21 - 3.3 DESIGN TEMPERATURES.
21 - 3.4 STABILITY OF PIPELINE.
21 - 3.5 ALLOWABLE HOOP STRESS.
21 - 3.6 STRESS LIMITS.
21 - 3.6.1 Internal Pressure Stresses.
21 - 3.6.2 External Pressure Stresses.
21 - 3.6.3 Other Stresses.
21 - 3.6.4 Test Condition Stresses.
21 - 3.7 ALLOWANCES.
21 - 3.7.1 Corrosion.
21 - 3.7.2 Protection Against Damage.
21 - 3.7.3 Threading and Grooving.
21 - 3.8 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS.
21 - 3.8.1 General.
23 - 3.8.2 Straight Pipe.
23 - 3.8.3 Bends Made From Pipe.
23 - 3.8.4 Valves and Fittings.
23 - 3.8.5 Welded Branch Connections.
25 - 3.8.6 Reinforcement of Multiple Openings.
25 - 3.8.7 Extruded Outlets.
26 - 3.8.8 Attachments.
26 - 3.9 DESIGN OF CLOSURES FOR PIPE ENDS.
26 - 3.10 DESIGN OF FLANGES.
26 - 3.11 DESIGN OF REDUCERS.
26 - 3.12 DESIGN OF OTHER PRESSURE-CONTAINING COMPONENTS
27 - 3.13 LIMITS TO SELECTION OF COMPONENTS.
27 - 3.13.1 Steel Pipe.
27 - 3.13.2 Fittings.
27 - 3.13.3 Bends, Mitres and Elbows.
28 - 3.13.4 Valves.
28 - 3.13.5 Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
29 - 3.13.6 Gaskets and Ring Joints.
29 - 3.13.7 Bolting.
29 - 3.14 USED COMPONENTS.
29 - 3.15 LIMITS TO SELECTION OF JOINTS.
29 - 3.15.1 Welded, Flanged, and Threaded Joints.
29 - 3.15.2 Sleeve, Coupled, and Other Patented Joints.
29 - 3.16 PIPELINE FLEXIBILITY, SUPPORTS, AND RESTRAINTS.
29 - 3.16.1 Expansion and Flexibility.
29 - 3.16.2 Properties.
30 - 3.16.3 Supports and Anchors.
31 - 3.17 CATHODIC PROTECTION.
31 - 3.18 INSTRUMENT, CONTROL, AND SAMPLING PIPING.
31 - 3.18.1 Scope of Clause.
31 - 3.18.2 Materials and Design.
34 - 3.19 CONTROL OF PIPELINE PRESSURE.
34 - 3.19.1 General.
34 - 3.19.2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure.
34 - 3.19.3 Requirements for Design of Pressure-relief, Pressure-regulating and Pressure-limiting Stations.
34 - 3.19.4 Basic Requirements for Protection Against Accredited Over-pressure
34 - 3.19.5 Prevention of Unauthorized Operation.
34 - 3.19.6 Protection on Control Piping.
34 - 3.20 RECORDS.
35 - SECTION 4. WELDING
35 - 4.1 GENERAL.
35 - 4.1.1 Application of Section.
35 - 4.1.2 Basis of Welding Standards.
35 - 4.1.3 Quality Standards.
35 - 4.2 SAFETY IN WELDING.
35 - 4.2.1 Australian Standards.
35 - 4.2.2 Additional Precautions.
35 - 4.3 WELDING EQUIPMENT.
35 - 4.3.1 General.
35 - 4.3.2 Australian Standards.
35 - 4.4 ELECTRODES, FLUXES, FILLER RODS, AND GAS MIXTURES.
35 - 4.4.1 Welding Consumables.
35 - 4.4.2 Storage and Handling.
36 - 4.4.3 Shielding Gas Properties.
36 - 4.5 PROHIBITION OF WELDING.
36 - 4.5.1 General.
36 - 4.5.2 Weather Shields.
36 - 4.6 DEFINITIONS AND TERMS.
36 - 4.7 GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR WELDING.
36 - 4.7.1 Preparation for Welding.
36 - 4.7.2 Alignment of Parts for Welding.
36 - 4.7.3 Joint Design.
37 - 4.7.4 Fillet Welds.
37 - 4.7.5 Working Clearance.
37 - 4.7.6 End Preparation.
37 - 4.7.7 Interrun Cleaning.
37 - 4.7.8 Stray Arc Strikes.
37 - 4.7.9 Insert Patching.
37 - 4.7.10 Proximity of Welds.
39 - 4.7.11 Welding Procedure.
39 - 4.7.12 Cold Spring.
39 - 4.7.13 Peening.
39 - 4.7.14 Welding Supervision.
39 - 4.8 PREHEATING.
39 - 4.8.1 Need for Preheating.
39 - 4.8.2 Extent of Preheating.
39 - 4.8.3 Group Number for Preheating Temperatures.
43 - 4.8.4 Interrun Temperature.
43 - 4.8.5 Verification of Preheating Temperature.
43 - 4.8.6 Condensation.
43 - 4.8.7 Dissimilar Materials.
43 - 4.9 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT.
43 - 4.9.1 Necessity for Postweld Heat Treatment.
43 - 4.9.2 Methods of Postweld Heat Treatment.
43 - 4.9.3 Localized Postweld Heat Treatment of Circumferential Welds.
43 - 4.9.4 Heating and Cooling Rates.
43 - 4.9.5 Time at Temperature.
43 - 4.9.6 Temperatures.
43 - 4.9.7 Dissimilar Materials.
43 - 4.9.8 Recording of Information.
44 - 4.10 QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE.
44 - 4.10.1 General.
44 - 4.10.2 Procedure Specification.
44 - 4.10.3 Essential Variables.
46 - 4.10.4 Welding of Test Joint.
46 - 4.11 QUALIFICATION TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS.
46 - 4.11.1 Butt Welds.
50 - 4.11.2 Fillet Welds.
50 - 4.12 WELDER QUALIFICATION.
50 - 4.12.1 General.
50 - 4.12.2 Partial Qualification.
52 - 4.12.3 General Qualification.
52 - 4.12.4 Tests for Welder Qualification - For Both Partial and General Qualification.
56 - 4.12.5 Retesting of Welders.
56 - 4.12.6 Qualification Records.
56 - 4.12.7 Identification of Welder’s Qualification Test Welds
56 - 4.13 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF PRODUCTION WELDS.
56 - 4.13.1 General.
56 - 4.13.2 Non-destructive Testing.
56 - 4.13.3 Frequency of Non-destructive Testing.
56 - 4.13.4 Destructive Testing.
56 - 4.13.5 Identification of Production Welds.
56 - 4.14 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING.
56 - 4.14.1 General.
56 - 4.14.2 Approval of Personnel for Non-destructiveTesting
56 - 4.14.3 Radiographic Examination.
57 - 4.14.4 Ultrasonic Examination.
57 - 4.15 STANDARDS OF ACCEPTABILITY FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING.
57 - 4.15.1 General.
57 - 4.15.2 Incomplete Root Penetration, Root Concavity, and lack of Fusion
58 - 4.15.3 Burn-through.
58 - 4.15.4 Slag Inclusions.
58 - 4.15.5 Gas Pores and Porosity.
59 - 4.15.6 Cracks.
59 - 4.15.7 Accumulation of Discontinuities.
59 - 4.15.8 Undercut.
62 - 4.16 REMOVAL OF UNACCEPTABLE DEFECTS IN WELDS.
62 - 4.16.1 General.
62 - 4.16.2 Removal Procedure.
62 - 4.16.3 Welding Procedure.
62 - 4.17 WELDING OR CUTTING ON STEEL PIPELINES THAT CONTAIN HYDROCARBONS.
62 - 4.17.1 General.
62 - 4.17.2 Safety.
62 - 4.17.3 Preparation for Welding.
62 - 4.17.4 Inspection Prior to Welding.
62 - 4.17.5 Prohibition of Welding.
63 - 4.17.6 Welding.
63 - 4.17.7 Welding Sequence.
63 - 4.17.8 Welding Arc Energy.
63 - 4.18 ATTACHMENT OF ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS.
63 - 4.18.1 General.
64 - 4.18.2 Thermit Welding with Aluminium Powderand Copper Oxide.
64 - 4.18.3 Fillet Welding Lug, Boss, or Pad.
65 - SECTION 5. CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION
65 - 5.1 GENERAL.
65 - 5.2 INSPECTION.
65 - 5.3 LOCATION.
65 - 5.4 SURVEY.
65 - 5.5 HANDLING, TRANSPORTATION, AND STORING
65 - 5.6 REPAIR OF FABRICATED ITEMS AND PIPE.
65 - 5.6.1 General.
65 - 5.6.2 Grooves, Gouges, and Notches.
65 - 5.6.3 Notches and Laminations.
65 - 5.6.4 Distorted or Flattened Lengths.
65 - 5.6.5 Dents.
65 - 5.6.6 Arc Burns.
66 - 5.7 BENDS, MITRES, AND ELBOWS.
66 - 5.7.1 General.
66 - 5.7.2 Bends Made From Pipe.
66 - 5.7.3 Mitre Bends.
66 - 5.7.4 Fabricated Bends and Elbows.
66 - 5.8 WELDING.
66 - 5.9 PROTECTIVE COATINGS.
66 - 5.10 PIPELINE CROSSINGS.
66 - 5.11 VALVES.
66 - 5.12 CONNECTIONS TO PIPELINES.
66 - 5.13 WARNINGS AND MARKERS.
66 - 5.13.1 General.
66 - 5.13.2 Precautions During Construction on Land.
66 - 5.13.3 Precautions During Constructionin Navigable Waters
66 - 5.13.4 Permanent Marking of Pipeline Route.
67 - 5.14 CORROSION CONTROL.
67 - 5.15 SAFETY DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTS.
67 - 5.16 FIRE PROTECTION.
67 - 5.17 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS.
67 - 5.17.1 General.
67 - 5.17.2 Care and Handling of Materials.
67 - 5.17.3 Installation.
67 - 5.18 ASSEMBLY OF COMPONENTS.
67 - 5.18.1 General.
67 - 5.18.2 Bolting Procedure.
67 - 5.19 MANIFOLDS.
67 - 5.20 HOT TAPS.
67 - 5.20.1 General.
67 - 5.20.2 Procedure.
67 - 5.20.3 Design of Branch Connections.
68 - 5.20.4 Location of Connections.
68 - 5.20.5 Welding of Branch Connections.
68 - 5.20.6 Fit Prior to Welding.
68 - 5.20.7 Communications.
68 - 5.20.8 Monitoring of Pipeline Operating Conditions.
68 - 5.20.9 Testing of Welds.
68 - 5.20.10 Pipe Support.
68 - 5.20.11 Completion of Work.
69 - SECTION 6. INSPECTION AND TESTING
69 - 6.1 INSPECTION.
69 - 6.1.1 General.
69 - 6.1.2 Qualification of Inspectors.
69 - 6.1.3 Type and Extent of Inspection Required.
69 - 6.2 REPAIR OF DEFECTS.
70 - 6.3 TESTING.
70 - 6.3.1 General.
70 - 6.3.2 Testing of Fabricated Items.
70 - 6.3.3 Testing after Construction.
70 - 6.4 PRESSURE TESTING.
70 - 6.4.1 General.
70 - 6.4.2 Test Pressures.
70 - 6.4.3 Strength Test Pressures.
71 - 6.4.4 Leak Test Pressure.
71 - 6.4.5 Hold Periods.
71 - 6.5 RECORDS.
72 - SECTION 7. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PIPELINES
72 - 7.1 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF PIPELINES.
72 - 7.1.1 General.
72 - 7.1.2 Basic Operating and Maintenance Requirements.
72 - 7.1.3 Essential Features of the Plans and Procedures.
72 - 7.2 PIPELINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
72 - 7.2.1 General.
72 - 7.2.2 Communications.
72 - 7.2.3 Signs and Markers.
72 - 7.2.4 Pipeline Route.
72 - 7.2.5 Patrolling.
73 - 7.2.6 Valves.
73 - 7.2.7 Controls and Pressure Protection Equipment.
73 - 7.2.8 Corrosion.
73 - 7.3 PIPELINE REPAIRS.
73 - 7.3.1 General.
73 - 7.3.2 Repair Procedures for Pipelines.
73 - 7.3.3 Resumption of Normal Operations.
73 - 7.4 SAFE WORKING WITH GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM.
73 - 7.4.1 Purging of Pipelines.
74 - 7.4.2 Precautions to Avoid Explosions of Gas/Air Mixtures or Uncontrolled Fires During Construction Operations.
74 - 7.4.3 Precautions Against Suffocation by Gas.
74 - 7.5 RECORDS.
75 - 7.6 ABANDONING A PIPELINE.
75 - 7.7 CORROSION.
75 - 7.7.1 General.
75 - 7.7.2 Safety.
75 - 7.7.3 Assessment by Pressure Testing.
75 - 7.7.4 Assessment by Calculation.
75 - 7.7.5 Repair of a Corroded Pipeline.
76 - SECTION 8. CORROSION MITIGATION
76 - 8.1 GENERAL.
76 - 8.2 QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL.
76 - 8.3 RATE OF CORROSION.
76 - 8.3.1 General.
76 - 8.3.2 Internal Corrosion.
76 - 8.3.3 External Corrosion.
76 - 8.3.4 Stress Corrosion.
76 - 8.3.5 Criteria for Corrosiveness of a Gas.
76 - 8.3.6 Criteria for Corrosiveness of a Liquid.
76 - 8.3.7 Assessment.
77 - 8.4 CORROSION MITIGATION METHODS.
77 - 8.4.1 General.
77 - 8.4.2 Applicability of Methods.
77 - 8.5 INTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION.
77 - 8.5.1 General.
77 - 8.5.2 Internal Protective Lining.
77 - 8.5.3 Corrosion Inhibitor.
77 - 8.5.4 Corrosion Allowance.
77 - 8.6 EXTERNAL CORROSION MITIGATION.
77 - 8.6.1 Pipeline Surface.
77 - 8.6.2 Coatings.
77 - 8.6.3 Cathodic Protection.
79 - 8.6.4 Corrosion Allowance.
79 - 8.7 INSTALLATION OF GALVANIC ANODES.
79 - 8.7.1 Mechanical Connection.
79 - 8.7.2 Electrical Connection.
79 - 8.7.3 Weight Coating.
79 - 8.8 TIMING OF APPLICATION OF CORROSION MITIGATION.
79 - 8.8.1. General.
79 - 8.8.2 External Surface of Exposed Pipeline.
79 - 8.8.3 External Surfaces of Buried and Submerged Pipelines
79 - 8.9 INSPECTION FOR THE DETECTION OF CORROSION.
79 - 8.9.1 General.
79 - 8.9.2 Internal Corrosion.
79 - 8.9.3 External Corrosion.
80 - 8.10 CORROSION DEFECTS.
80 - 8.11 RECORDS.
81 - SECTION 9. CHANGES IN MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE OF EXISTING PIPELINES
81 - 9.1 GENERAL.
81 - 9.1.1 Scope of Section.
81 - 9.1.2 Retroactivity.
81 - 9.1.3 Approval.
81 - 9.2 INCREASING THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING PRESSURE.
81 - 9.2.1 Investigations and Repairs.
81 - 9.2.2 Pressure Tests.
81 - 9.2.3 Rate of Pressure Increase.
81 - 9.3 RECORDS.
86 - APPENDIX C - IDENTIFICATION AND ADDRESSES OF STANDARDS-ISSUING AND OTHER BODIES REFERRED TO IN THE CODE
87 - APPENDIX D - NOTES ON STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS*
87 - D1 OFFSHORE LEGISLATION.
87 - D2 LAND LEGISLATION.
87 - D3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
88 - APPENDIX E - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS, AND HYDROGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
88 - E1 GENERAL.
88 - E2 NAVIGATIONAL SYSTEMS.
88 - E3 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS.
88 - E3.1 General.
88 - E3.2 Instrumental Surveys.
88 - E3.3 Soil Surveys.
88 - E3.4 Currents
89 - E4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA.
90 - APPENDIX F - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS FOR STEEL PIPELINES
90 - F1 GENERAL.
90 - F2 FACTORS AFFECTING BRITTLE AND DUCTILE FRACTURE.
90 - F2.1 General.
90 - F2.2 Type of Fluid.
90 - F2.3 Wall Thickness.
90 - F2.4 Operating Stress.
90 - F3 TEMPERATURE.
91 - F4 BRITTLE FRACTURE.
91 - F4.1 General.
91 - F4.2 Appearance Test Requirements.
91 - F5 DUCTILE FRACTURE.
91 - F5.1 General.
91 - F5.2 Transverse Energy Absorption Requirements.
92 - APPENDIX G - FIGURES RELATING TO WELD REINFORCEMENT (Section 3)*
97 - APPENDIX H - RECOMMENDED WELDING SEQUENCE FOR HOT TAP FITTINGS
98 - APPENDIX J - ASSESSMENT OF CORRODED PIPELINES
98 - J1 SCOPE.
98 - J2 ASSESSMENT BY PRESSURE TESTING.
98 - J3 ASSESSMENT BY CALCULATION.
98 - J4 HOOP STRESS ANALYSIS.
98 - J4.1 General.
98 - J4.2 Notation.
98 - J4.3 Review of Corrosion Parameters.
99 - J4.4 Evaluation of the MAOP of Corroded Pipe.
99 - J5 EXAMPLE.
106 - INDEX
112 - ANNEX
113 - RECORD OF AMENDMENTS