1 - AS 1978-1987 PIPELINES - GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - FIELD PRESSURE TESTING
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
7 - 1.1 SCOPE.
7 - 1.2 APPLICATION.
7 - 1.3 PURPOSE OF TESTS.
7 - 1.3.1 Strength test.
7 - 1.3.2 Leak test.
7 - 1.4 DESIGNATION OF TEST METHODS.
7 - 1.4.1 Strength tests.
7 - 1.4.2 Leak-tightness.
7 - 1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.
7 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS.
7 - 1.6.1 Agreed test uncertainty
7 - 1.6.2 Approved and approval
7 - 1.6.3 Authority, Statutory
7 - 1.6.4 End-point
7 - 1.6.5 Hold period (hold time)
7 - 1.6.6 Industrial gauge
7 - 1.6.7 Leak test
7 - 1.6.8 Pressure
7 - 1.6.9 Pressure change, agreed unaccountable
8 - 1.6.10 Pressure, mill test
8 - 1.6.11 Pressure strength (of a test section)
8 - 1.6.12 Pressure / added volume (p/plot
8 - 1.6.13 Residual air (air content)
8 - 1.6.14 Shall and should
8 - 1.6.15 Slope
8 - 1.6.16 Strength test
8 - 1.6.17 Test gauge
8 - 1.6.18 Test program
8 - 1.6.19 Test section
8 - 1.7 TESTING PERSONNEL.
8 - 1.8 NOTATION.
8 - 1.9 CONVERSION TO SI UNITS.
8 - 1.10 ROUNDING OF NUMBERS.
9 - SECTION 2. EQUIPMENT AND TEST LIQUID
9 - 2.1 SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT.
9 - 2.2 ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY, AND REPEATABILITY OF EQUIPMENT.
9 - 2.2.1 General.
9 - 2.2.2 Pressure-measuring equipment.
9 - 2.2.3 Verification of pressure-measuring equipment
9 - 2.2.4 Measurement of volume.
9 - 2.2.5 Verification of volume-measuring equipment
9 - 2.2.6 Temperature-measuring equipment.
10 - 2.3 COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT.
10 - 2.4 INSTALLATION AND LOCATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT.
10 - 2.4.1 General.
10 - 2.4.2 Pressure gauges.
10 - 2.4.3 Temperature measurement.
10 - 2.5 TEST LIQUID.
10 - 2.5.1 Type of test liquid.
10 - 2.5.2 Selection of test liquid.
10 - 2.6 PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS WHERE TEST FLUID IS HYDROCARBON LIQUUID
11 - SECTION 3. PREPARATION FOR TESTS
11 - 3.1 TEST PROGRAM.
11 - 3.2 TEST SECTION.
11 - 3.3 SITE WORK.
12 - SECTION 4. PRESSURE TESTING
12 - 4.1 METHOD.
12 - 4.2 FILLING.
12 - 4.3 PRESSURIZATION.
12 - 4.3.1 General.
12 - 4.3.2 Pretesting.
12 - 4.3.3 Mechanical joints.
12 - 4.4 PRESSURE-CONTROLLED TEST.
12 - 4.5 VOLUME / STRAIN-CONTROLLED TEST.
13 - 4.6 TEST PRESSURES.
13 - 4.6.1 Strength test.
13 - 4.6.2 Leak test.
13 - 4.6.3 Combined strength and leak test.
13 - 4.7 HOLD PERIOD.
13 - 4.7.1 Strength test.
14 - 4.7.2 Leak test.
14 - 4.7.3 Thermal stability for a leak test
14 - 4.7.4 Premature end-point.
14 - 4.7.5 Observed leaks during strength test.
14 - 4.7.6 Observed leaks during leak test.
14 - 4.7.7 Interrupted hold period.
14 - 4.7.8 Short test section.
15 - SECTION 5. ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH TEST AND LEAK
15 - 5.1 GENERAL.
15 - 5.2 STRENGTH TEST.
15 - 5.3 LEAK TEST.
15 - SECTION 6. REINSTATEMENT
15 - 6.1 REINSTATEMENT OF THE TEST SECTION.
15 - SECTION 7. REPORTS AND RECORDS
15 - 7.1 GENERAL.
15 - 7.2 REPORTS.
15 - 7.3 RECORDS.
16 - APPENDIX A - BASIS OF THE STANDARD
16 - A1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY.
16 - A2 BASIS OF THE STANDARD.
16 - A3 STRENGTH TESTING.
18 - A4 LEAK TESTING.
18 - A4.1 General.
19 - A4.2 Test pressure.
20 - A4.3 Test equipment.
20 - A4.4 Temperature.
21 - A4.5 Thermal stability assessment.
21 - A4.6 Air in the test section.
22 - A5 TECHNIQUES.
22 - A5.1 Test program.
22 - A5.2 Test equipment.
22 - A5.3 Measurement of pressure in strength tests.
22 - A5.4 Measurement for yield tests.
22 - A5.5 Measurement for leak tests.
23 - A6 CONDUCT OF THE TEST.
23 - A6.1 Pressure-controlled strength test.
23 - A6.2 Volume-strain controlled test.
25 - APPENDIX B - HYPOTHETICAL TEST SECTION
25 - B1 INTRODUCTION.
25 - B2 MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATION.
25 - B3 MILL TESTS.
25 - B4 TEST CONDITIONS.
26 - B5 CALCULATED VALUES.
27 - APPENDIX C - CHECKING THE SLOPE OF THE PRESSURE / VOLUME RATIO PLOT
27 - C1 INTRODUCTION.
27 - C2 NOTATION.
27 - C3 GRAPHIC METHOD.
29 - C4 APPROXIMATE NUMERICAL METHOD.
29 - C5 THEORETICAL BASIS OF GRAPHIC AND NUMERICAL METHODS.
29 - C5.1 Assumptions.
29 - C5.2 Relationship.
29 - C5.3 Restraint conditions.
31 - APPENDIX D - SELECTION OF END-POINTS
31 - D1 INTRODUCTION.
31 - D2 STRESS / STRAIN DIAGRAMS.
31 - D2.1 General.
31 - D2.2 Non-expanded pipe.
32 - D2.3 Expanded pipe.
32 - D2.4 Small diameter pipe.
32 - D3 END-POINT SELECTION.
36 - APPENDIX E - INVESTIGATION OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
36 - E1 INTRODUCTION.
36 - E2 NOTATION.
36 - E3 PRESSURE TESTING OF PIPE.
36 - E4 STRAINING RATE EFFECTS.
36 - E5 USE OF FACTORS.
37 - E6 LABORATORY MECHANICAL TESTS.
38 - APPENDIX F - MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL AIR
38 - F1 INTRODUCTION.
38 - F2 PROVING TEST FOR ACCEPTABLE AIR FRACTION.
39 - F3 SIMPLE FIELD MEASUREMENT.
39 - F3.1 Procedure.
39 - F3.2 Results.
40 - F4 ASSESSMENT.
40 - F5 DERIVATION.
42 - APPENDIX G - LEAK TEST ASSESSMENT
42 - G1 INTRODUCTION.
42 - G2 PRESSURE CHANGES.
42 - G3 TEMPERATURE CHANGES.
43 - G4 DERIVATION OF FIGURES G1, G2, G3, AND G4.
43 - G4.1 General.
43 - G4.2 Determination of the diameter of the equivalent hole.
43 - G4.3 Liquid petroleum pipelines.
43 - G4.4 Gas pipelines.
44 - G5 EXAMPLE.