1 - AS/NZS 2885.5:2002 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - FIELD PRESSURE TESTING
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
7 - 1.1 BASIS OF SECTION
7 - 1.2 APPLICATION
7 - 1.3 PURPOSE OF TESTS
7 - 1.3.1 Strength test
7 - 1.3.2 Leak test
8 - 1.4 DESIGNATION OF TEST METHODS
8 - 1.4.1 Strength tests
8 - 1.4.2 Leak-tightness
8 - 1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
8 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS
8 - 1.6.1 Allowable test uncertainty
8 - 1.6.2 End-point
8 - 1.6.3 End-point, half-slope
9 - 1.6.4 End-point, offset volume
9 - 1.6.5 Hold period (hold time)
9 - 1.6.6 Industrial gauge
9 - 1.6.7 Leak
9 - 1.6.8 Leak test
9 - 1.6.9 Leak-tightness
9 - 1.6.10 Pressure
9 - 1.6.11 Pressure change, allowable unaccountable
9 - 1.6.12 Pressure, mill test
9 - 1.6.13 Pressure strength (of a test section)
9 - 1.6.14 Pressure/added volume (p/V) plot
9 - 1.6.15 Residual air (air content)
9 - 1.6.16 Strength test
10 - 1.6.17 Test gauge
10 - 1.6.18 Test program
10 - 1.6.19 Test section
10 - 1.6.20 Transducer
10 - 1.7 TESTING PERSONNEL
10 - 1.8 NOTATION
10 - 1.9 CONVERSION TO SI UNITS
10 - 1.10 ROUNDING OF NUMBERS
11 - SECTION 2 EQUIPMENT AND TEST LIQUID
11 - 2.1 BASIS OF SECTION
11 - 2.2 ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY, AND REPEATABILITY OF EQUIPMENT
11 - 2.2.1 General
11 - 2.2.2 Pressure-measuring equipment
12 - 2.2.3 Verification of pressure-measuring equipment
12 - 2.2.4 Volume-measuring equipment
12 - 2.2.5 Verification of volume-measuring equipment
12 - 2.2.6 Temperature- measuring equipment
13 - 2.2.7 Verification of temperature-measuring equipment
13 - 2.3 COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT
13 - 2.4 INSTALLATION AND LOCATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT
13 - 2.4.1 General
13 - 2.4.2 Pressure gauges
13 - 2.4.3 Temperature measurement
14 - 2.5 TEST LIQUID
14 - 2.5.1 Type of test liquid
14 - 2.5.2 Selection of test liquid
14 - 2.6 PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS WHERE TEST FLUID IS PETROLEUM LIQUID
15 - SECTION 3 PREPARATION FOR TESTS
15 - 3.1 BASIS OF SECTION
15 - 3.2 SELECTION AND DESIGN OF TEST SECTIONS
15 - 3.3 TEST PROGRAM
16 - 3.4 TEST SECTION
17 - 3.5 SITE WORK
18 - SECTION 4 PRESSURE TESTING
18 - 4.1 BASIS OF SECTION
18 - 4.2 FILLING
18 - 4.3 PRESSURIZATION
18 - 4.3.1 General
19 - 4.3.2 Pretesting
19 - 4.3.3 Mechanical interference joints
19 - 4.4 PRESSURE-CONTROLLED TEST
20 - 4.5 VOLUME/STRAIN-CONTROLLED TEST
21 - 4.6 TEST PRESSURES
21 - 4.6.1 Strength test
21 - 4.6.2 Leak test
22 - 4.6.3 Combined strength and leak test
22 - 4.7 HOLD PERIOD
22 - 4.7.1 Strength test
22 - 4.7.2 Leak test
23 - 4.7.3 Thermal stability for a leak test
23 - 4.7.4 Observed leaks during pressurizing for a strength test
23 - 4.7.5 Observed leaks during the strength test hold period
24 - 4.7.6 Observed leaks during leak test
24 - 4.7.7 Interrupted hold period
25 - SECTION 5 ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH AND LEAK TESTS
25 - 5.1 BASIS OF SECTION
25 - 5.2 STRENGTH TEST
25 - 5.3 LEAK TEST
25 - 5.3.1 Criteria of acceptance
26 - 5.3.2 Gas leaks and repair
28 - SECTION 6 REINSTATEMENT OF THE TEST SECTION
28 - 6.1 BASIS OF SECTION
28 - 6.2 REINSTATEMENT
29 - SECTION 7 REPORTS AND RECORDS
29 - 7.1 BASIS OF SECTION
29 - 7.2 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
29 - 7.3 REPORTS
30 - 7.4 RECORDS
31 - APPENDIX A - BASIS OF THE STANDARD
31 - A1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
31 - A2 BASIS OF THE STANDARD
32 - A3 STRENGTH TESTING
34 - A4 LEAK TESTING
34 - A4.1 General
35 - A4.2 Test pressure
36 - A4.3 Test equipment
37 - A4.4 Temperature
38 - A4.5 Thermal stability assessment
38 - A4.6 Air in the test section
39 - A4.7 Dissolution of air
40 - A5 TECHNIQUES
40 - A5.1 Test program
40 - A5.2 Test equipment
40 - A5.3 Measurement of pressure in strength tests
41 - A5.4 Measurement for volume/strain-controlled tests
41 - A5.5 Measurement for leak tests
41 - A6 CONDUCT OF THE TEST
41 - A6.1 Pressure-controlled strength test
42 - A6.2 Volume/strain-controlled test
43 - APPENDIX B - PRESSURE/VOLUME/TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS IN PIPELINE TEST SECTIONS
43 - B1 GENERAL
43 - B1.1 Notation
43 - B1.2 Steel properties
44 - B1.3 General relationships
45 - B2 WATER AS A TESTING MEDIUM
45 - B3 HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS AS TESTING MEDIA
45 - B3.1 General
45 - B3.2 Bulk compressibility factor (equivalent to factor A for water)
46 - B3.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion
47 - B3.4 Computations for hydrocarbon liquids
47 - B4 EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CHANGES
47 - B5 RESTRAINED AND UNRESTRAINED PIPE
50 - APPENDIX C - HYPOTHETICAL TEST SECTION
50 - C1 INTRODUCTION
50 - C2 TEST SECTION NO.1
50 - C2.1 Pipe properties and mill tests
50 - C2.2 Test conditions
51 - C2.3 Calculated values
52 - C3 TEST SECTION NO. 2
52 - C3.1 Pipe properties and mill tests
52 - C3.2 Test conditions
52 - C3.3 Calculated values
53 - C4 TEST SECTION NO. 3
53 - C4.1 Test conditions
53 - C4.2 Calculated values
55 - APPENDIX D - SELECTION OF END-POINTS
55 - D1 INTRODUCTION
55 - D2 STRESS/STRAIN DIAGRAMS
55 - D2.1 General
56 - D2.2 Non-expanded pipe
56 - D2.3 Expanded pipe
56 - D2.4 Small diameter pipe
57 - D3 END-POINT SELECTION
61 - APPENDIX E - INVESTIGATION OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
61 - E1 INTRODUCTION
61 - E2 NOTATION
61 - E3 POTENTIAL CAUSES OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
62 - E4 POTENTIAL CAUSES OF YIELDING IN A TEST SECTION
62 - E4.1 General
62 - E4.2 Half-slope test
62 - E4.3 Offset volume test
63 - E5 PRESSURE TESTING OF PIPE
63 - E6 STRAINING RATE EFFECTS
63 - E7 USE OF FACTORS
64 - E8 LABORATORY MECHANICAL TESTS
64 - E9 END-POINT REVIEW
65 - E10 NUMERICAL ASSESSMENT
66 - APPENDIX F - MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL AIR
66 - F1 INTRODUCTION
66 - F2 RISING PRESSURE METHOD
67 - F3 FALLING PRESSURE METHOD
67 - F3.1 Procedure
67 - F3.2 Results
68 - F4 ASSESSMENT
68 - F5 DERIVATION
71 - APPENDIX G - ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE
71 - G1 INTRODUCTION
71 - G2 PRESSURE CHANGES
72 - G3 TEMPERATURE CHANGES
72 - G4 DERIVATION OF FIGURES G1, G2, G3, G4 AND G5
72 - G4.1 General
72 - G4.2 Determination of the diameter of the equivalent hole
73 - G4.3 Liquid petroleum pipelines
73 - G4.4 Gas pipelines
75 - G5 EXAMPLE
81 - APPENDIX H - TYPICAL REPORT FORM
82 - APPENDIX I - SELECTION AND DESIGN OF TEST SECTIONS
82 - I1 PRELIMINARY SECTIONING
82 - I2 PERMISSIBLE ELEVATION DIFFERENCES
82 - I2.1 Minimum strength test pressure
82 - I2.2 Maximum strength test pressure
82 - I2.3 Permissible elevation range
82 - I3 LENGTH OF TEST SECTION
83 - I4 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT IN LEAK TESTS
84 - APPENDIX J - ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN TEST SECTIONS
84 - J1 INTRODUCTION
84 - J2 MAGNITUDE OF THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES
85 - J3 RECOMMENDATIONS