TR 102 273-1-1 : 1.2.1

Intellectual Property Rights
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 References
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
   3.1 Definitions
   3.2 Symbols
   3.3 Abbreviations
4 Introduction to measurement uncertainty
   4.1 Background to measurement uncertainty
       4.1.1 Commonly used terms
       4.1.2 Assessment of upper and lower uncertainty
             bounds
       4.1.3 Combination of rectangular distributions
       4.1.4 Main contributors to uncertainty
       4.1.5 Other contributors
   4.2 Evaluation of individual uncertainty components
       4.2.1 Evaluation of Type A uncertainties
       4.2.2 Evaluation of Type B uncertainties
       4.2.3 Uncertainties relating to influence quantities
   4.3 Methods of evaluation of overall measurement
       uncertainty
   4.4 Summary
   4.5 Overview of the approach of the present document
5 Analysis of measurement uncertainty
   5.1 The BIPM method
       5.1.1 Type A uncertainties and their evaluation
       5.1.2 Type B uncertainties and their evaluation
   5.2 Combining individual standard uncertainties in
       different units
   5.3 Calculation of the expanded uncertainty values and
       Student's t-distribution
       5.3.1 Student's t-distribution
       5.3.2 Expanded uncertainties
   5.4 Combining standard uncertainties of different
       parameters, where their influence on each other is
       dependant on the EUT (influence quantities)
   5.5 Uncertainties and randomness
   5.6 Summary of the recommended approach
6 Examples of uncertainty calculations specific to radio
   equipment
   6.1 Mismatch
   6.2 Attenuation measurement
   6.3 Calculation involving a dependency function
   6.4 Measurement of carrier power
       6.4.1 Measurement set-up
       6.4.2 Method of measurement
       6.4.3 Power meter and sensor module
       6.4.4 Attenuator and cabling network
             6.4.4.1 Reference measurement
             6.4.4.2 The cable and the 10 dB power attenuator
             6.4.4.3 The 20 dB attenuation
             6.4.4.4 Instrumentation
             6.4.4.5 Power and temperature influences
             6.4.4.6 Collecting terms
       6.4.5 Mismatch during measurement
       6.4.6 Influence quantities
       6.4.7 Random
       6.4.8 Expanded uncertainty
   6.5 Uncertainty calculation for measurement of a receiver
       (third order intermodulation)
       6.5.1 Noise behaviour in different receiver
             configurations
       6.5.2 Sensitivity measurement
       6.5.3 Interference immunity measurements
       6.5.4 Blocking and spurious response measurements
       6.5.5 Third order intermodulation
             6.5.5.1 Measurement of third order
                     intermodulation
             6.5.5.2 Uncertainties involved in the
                     measurement
             6.5.5.3 Analogue speech (SINAD) measurement
                     uncertainty
             6.5.5.4 BER and message acceptance measurement
                     uncertainty
             6.5.5.5 Other methods of measuring third order
                     intermodulation
   6.6 Uncertainty in measuring continuous bit streams
       6.6.1 General
       6.6.2 Statistics involved in the measurement
       6.6.3 Calculation of uncertainty limits when the
             distribution characterizing the combined
             standard uncertainty cannot be assumed to be
             a Normal distribution
       6.6.4 BER dependency function
             6.6.4.1 Coherent data communications
             6.6.4.2 Coherent data communications (direct
                     modulation)
             6.6.4.3 Coherent data communications (subcarrier
                     modulation)
             6.6.4.4 Non coherent data communication
             6.6.4.5 Non coherent data communications (direct
                     modulation)
             6.6.4.6 Non coherent data communications
                     (subcarrier modulation)
       6.6.5 Effect of BER on the RF level uncertainty
             6.6.5.1 BER at a specified RF level
       6.6.6 Limitations in the applicability of BER
             uncertainty calculations
   6.7 Uncertainty in measuring messages
       6.7.1 General
       6.7.2 Statistics involved in the measurement
       6.7.3 Analysis of the situation where the up down
             method results in a shift between two levels
       6.7.4 Detailed example of uncertainty in measuring
             messages
       6.8 Uncertainty of fully automated test systems
       6.8.1 Test system properties
       6.8.2 General aspects of the measurement uncertainty
       6.8.3 The "simple" test system
             6.8.3.1 Transmitter measurement
             6.8.3.2 Receiver measurement
       6.8.4 The "complex" test
             6.8.4.1 Receiver measurement
             6.8.4.2 Transmitter measurements
       6.8.5 Summary
             6.8.5.1 Typical mismatch example
7 Theory of test sites
   7.1 Introduction
       7.1.1 Basic concepts
   7.2 Radiated fields
       7.2.1 Fields radiated by an isotropic radiator
       7.2.2 Directivity implications on the ideal radiator
       7.2.3 The nature of the fields around a source of
             finite size
             7.2.3.1 Derivation of the far-field distance
                     (2d^2/lambda)
       7.2.4 Reception in the far-field
             (2(d[1] + d[ 2] )^2/lambda)
       7.2.5 Choice of physical antenna for the "ideal"
             model
   7.3 Ideal radiating sources
       7.3.1 Electric current element
       7.3.2 Magnetic current element
   7.4 Theoretical analysis of the dipole
   7.5 Model of the ideal test sites
   7.6 Ideal practical test sites
       7.6.1 Anechoic Chamber
       7.6.2 Anechoic Chamber with a Ground Plane
       7.6.3 Open Area Test Site
       7.6.4 striplines
   7.7 Verification
       7.7.1 Introduction
             7.7.1.1 Anechoic Chamber
             7.7.1.2 Anechoic Chamber with a Ground Plane
                     and Open Area Test Site
             7.7.1.3 Improvements to the formulas for E DH
                     max and E DV max
             7.7.1.4 Mutual coupling
   7.8 The nature of the testing field on free field test
       sites
       7.8.1 Fields in an Anechoic Chamber
             7.8.1.1 Practical uniform field testing
             7.8.1.2 Sensitivity considerations
             7.8.1.3 Appreciable size source
             7.8.1.4 Minimum separation distance
             7.8.1.5 Summary
       7.8.2 Fields over a ground plane
8 Practical test sites
   8.1 Introduction
       8.1.1 Test types
   8.2 Test sites
       8.2.1 Description of an Anechoic Chamber
       8.2.2 Description of an Anechoic Chamber with a
             Ground Plane
       8.2.3 Description of an Open Area Test Site
       8.2.4 Description of striplines
   8.3 Facility components and their effects
       8.3.1 Effects of the metal shielding
             8.3.1.1 Resonances
             8.3.1.2 Imaging of antennas (or an EUT)
       8.3.2 Effects of the radio absorbing materials
             8.3.2.1 Introduction
             8.3.2.2 Pyramidal absorbers
             8.3.2.3 Wedge absorbers
             8.3.2.4 Ferrite tiles
             8.3.2.5 Ferrite grids
             8.3.2.6 Urethane/ferrite hybrids
             8.3.2.7 Floor absorbers
             8.3.2.8 Performance comparison
             8.3.2.9 Reflection in an Anechoic Chamber
             8.3.2.10 Reflections in an Anechoic Chamber
                      with a Ground Plane
             8.3.2.11 Mutual coupling due to imaging in
                      the absorbing material
             8.3.2.12 Extraneous reflections
       8.3.3 Effects of the ground plane
             8.3.3.1 Coatings
             8.3.3.2 Reflections from the ground plane
             8.3.3.3 Mutual coupling to the ground plane
       8.3.4 Other effects
             8.3.4.1 Range length and measurement distance
             8.3.4.2 Minimum far-field distance
             8.3.4.2.1 Measurement distances
             8.3.4.3 Antenna mast, turntable and mounting
                     fixtures
             8.3.4.4 Test antenna height limitations
             8.3.4.5 Test antenna cabling
             8.3.4.6 EUT supply and control cabling
             8.3.4.7 Positioning of the EUT and antennas
       8.3.5 Effects of the striplines
             8.3.5.1 Mutual coupling
             8.3.5.2 Characteristic impedance of the line
             8.3.5.3 Non-planar nature of the field
                     distribution
             8.3.5.4 Field strength measurement
             8.3.5.5 Correction factor for the size of EUT
             8.3.5.6 Influence of site effects
9 Constructional aspects
   9.1 Introduction
   9.2 Open Area Test Site
       9.2.1 Site surveys and site location
             9.2.1.1 Detection system sensitivity
             9.2.1.2 Site survey procedure
             9.2.1.3 Example of a site survey
       9.2.2 Extraneous reflection
   9.3 Anechoic Chamber (with and without a Ground Plane)
       9.3.1 Basic shielded enclosure parameters
       9.3.2 Basic shielded enclosure resonances
       9.3.3 Waveguide type propagation modes
       9.3.4 Earthing arrangements
       9.3.5 Skin depth
       9.3.6 Shielding effectiveness
   9.4 striplines
       9.4.1 Open 2-plate stripline test cell
   9.5 Miscellaneous
       9.5.1 Long term stability
       9.5.2 Power supplies
       9.5.3 Ancillary equipment
10 Test equipment
   10.1 Introduction
   10.2 Cables
         10.2.1 Cable attenuation
         10.2.2 Cable coupling
         10.2.3 Cable shielding
         10.2.4 Transfer impedance
         10.2.5 Improving cable performance with ferrite
                beads
                10.2.5.1 Impedance
         10.2.6 Equipment interconnection (mismatch)
   10.3 Signal generator
   10.4 Attenuators
         10.4.1 Attenuators used in test site verification
                procedures
         10.4.2 Attenuators used in test methods
         10.4.3 Other insertion losses
   10.5 Antennas
         10.5.1 Antenna factor
         10.5.2 Gain
         10.5.3 Tuning
         10.5.4 Polarization
         10.5.5 Phase centre
         10.5.6 Input impedance
         10.5.7 Temperature
         10.5.8 Nearfield
         10.5.9 Farfield
         10.5.10 Non-uniform field pattern
         10.5.11 Mutual coupling to the surroundings
   10.6 Spectrum analyser and measuring receiver
         10.6.1 Detector characteristics
         10.6.2 Measurement band
         10.6.3 Receiver sensitivity
         10.6.4 Measurement automation
         10.6.5 Power measuring receiver
   10.7 EUT
         10.7.1 Battery operated EU
   10.8 Frequency counter
   10.9 Salty man/salty-lite and Test Fixtures
   10.10 Site factors
   10.11 Random uncertainty
   10.12 Miscellaneous
         10.12.1 Personnel
         10.12.2 Procedures
         10.12.3 Methods
         10.12.4 Specifications
History