AS 1538-1988

1 - AS 1538-1988 COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES CODE
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
6 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
6 - 1.1 SCOPE.
6 - 1.2 NEW MATERIALS OR METHODS.
6 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS.
6 - 1.4 DEFINITIONS.
7 - 1.5 NOTATION.
11 - 1.6 DESIGN AND SUPERVISION.
11 - 1.7 MATERIALS.
11 - 1.7.1 Structural steel.
11 - 1.7.1.1 Standards.
11 - 1.7.1.2 Other steels.
11 - 1.7.1.3 Acceptance of steels.
11 - 1.7.1.4 Unidentified steel.
11 - 1.7.2 Fasteners and electrodes.
11 - 1.7.2.1 Steel bolts,
11 - 1.7.2.2 Electrodes.
11 - 1.7.3 Delivered minimum thickness.
11 - 1.8 CORROSION PROTECTION.
12 - SECTION 2. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND SECTION PROPERTIES
12 - 2.1 LOAD COMBINATIONS.
12 - 2.2 DESIGN METHODS.
12 - 2.2.1 Basis of methods.
12 - 2.2.2 Application of AS 1250-1981.
12 - 2.3 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.
12 - 2.4 SECTION PROPERTIES.
12 - 2.4.1 Properties of stiffened and unstiffened compression elements.
12 - 2.4.1.1 General.
13 - 2.4.1.2 Flat elements with low b/t.
13 - 2.4.1.3 Flat elements with medium b/t
13 - 2.4.1.4 Stiffened compression elements with high b/t.
13 - 2.4.2 Stiffeners for compression elements.
13 - 2.4.2.1 Edge stiffeners.
14 - 2.4.2.2 Intermediate stiffeners.
14 - 2.4.2.3 Arched compression elements.
14 - 2.4.3 Maximum permissible flat-width ratio.
15 - 2.4.4 Maximum permissible web depth and web stiffener requirements.
15 - 2.4.4.1 Maximum ratio d /t.
15 - 2.4.4.2 Transverse stiffeners for beam webs.
16 - 2.4.5 Unusually short spans resisting concentrated loads.
16 - 2.4.6 Flexural members subjected to positive and negative bending.
16 - 2.4.6.1 General.
16 - 2.4.6.2 Load-carrying capacity.
16 - 2.4.6.3 Deflections.
16 - 2.4.6.4 Limitations.
17 - SECTION 3. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DESIGN STRESSES
17 - 3.1 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DESIGN STRESS.
17 - 3.1.1 General.
17 - 3.1.2 Yield stress
17 - 3.1.3 Cold-forming.
17 - 3.1.3.1 General.
17 - 3.1.3.2 Methods and limitations.
18 - 3.2 INELASTIC RESERVE CAPACITY OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS.
18 - 3.3 LATERALLY UNBRACED AND INTERMEDIATELY BRACED BEAMS.
18 - 3.3.1 Scope.
18 - 3.3.2 Maximum permissible stress.
18 - 3.3.3 Elastic critical stress.
18 - 3.3.3.1 Doubly symmetric I- and box-beams and monosymmetric I- and T-beams.
18 - 3.3.3.2 Channel and Z-beams.
19 - 3.3.3.3 Minimum values of C m .
19 - 3.4 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN WEBS OF BEAMS.
19 - 3.4.1 Shear stress in webs.
19 - 3.4.2 Bending stress in webs.
19 - 3.4.2.1 Beams having stiffened compression flanges.
19 - 3.4.2.2 Beams having unstiffened compression flanges.
19 - 3.4.3 Combined bending and shear stress in webs.
19 - 3.5 WEB CRIPPLING OF BEAMS.
19 - 3.5.1 Permissible reactions and concentrated loads.
22 - 3.5.2 Combined bending and web crippling.
22 - 3.6 AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS.
22 - 3.6.1 Maximum permissible stress.
22 - 3.6.2 Load factor
22 - 3.6.3 Determination of form factor (Q).
22 - 3.6.4 Determination of elastic buckling stress (Foc ).
22 - 3.6.4.1 Doubly symmetric or point symmetric sections.
23 - 3.6.4.2 Monosymmetric sections.
23 - 3.6.4.3 Asymmetric sections.
23 - 3.6.5 Effective lengths
23 - 3.6.5.1 Flexural buckling.
23 - 3.6.5.2 Torsional buckling.
23 - 3.6.6 Maximum slenderness ratio.
23 - 3.7 COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION.
23 - 3.7.1 Doubly symmetric sections.
24 - 3.7.2 Sections which are prevented from twisting.
24 - 3.7.3 Monosymmetric sections.
24 - 3.7.3.1 Sections bent in a plane of symmetry.
24 - 3.7.3.2 Sections bent about a plane of symmetry.
24 - 3.7.4 Other sections.
24 - 3.7.5 Moment coefficients.
24 - 3.8 CIRCULAR HOLLOW MEMBERS IN COMPRESSION OR BENDING.
24 - 3.9 STRESS IN COMPOUND MEMBERS MADE OF DISSIMILAR STEELS.
25 - SECTION 4. DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
25 - 4.1 FASTENING SYSTEMS.
25 - 4.2 WELDED CONNECTIONS.
25 - 4.2.1 General.
25 - 4.2.2 Fusion welds.
28 - 4.2.3 Resistance welds.
28 - 4.3 CONNECTING TWO CHANNELS TO FORM AN I-SECTION.
28 - 4.3.1 Maximum permissible longitudinal spacing of connectors.
29 - 4.3.2 Uniform spacing of connections.
29 - 4.4 SPACING OF CONNECTIONS IN COMPRESSION ELEMENTS.
29 - 4.5 BOLTED CONNECTIONS.
29 - 4.5.1 General.
29 - 4.5.2 Holes.
29 - 4.5.3 Tension stress on net section.
30 - 4.5.4 Bearing stress on cold-formed steel in bolted connections.
30 - 4.5.5 Permissible stresses in fasteners.
30 - 4.5.6 Friction joints.
31 - SECTION 5. BRACING REQUIREMENTS
31 - 5.1 WALL STUDS.
31 - 5.2 CHANNELS AND Z-SECTIONS USED AS BEAMS.
31 - 5.2.1 Bracing when one flange is connected.
31 - 5.2.1.1 General.
31 - 5.2.1.2 Type and spacing of braces.
31 - 5.2.2 Bracing when neither flange is braced.
32 - 5.2.3 Maximum permissible stresses.
33 - SECTION 6. TESTING
33 - 6.1 COMPRESSION TESTING.
33 - 6.2 TESTS FOR SPECIAL CASES.
33 - 6.2.1 General.
33 - 6.2.2 Evaluation of tests for determining structural performance.
33 - 6.2.3 Tests for determining mechanical properties of formed sections or flat material.
33 - 6.2.3.1 Tests on the full section.
33 - 6.2.3.2 Tests of flat elements of formed sections.
34 - 6.2.3.3 Compliance and control tests for mechanical properties of virgin steel.
35 - APPENDIX A - SECTION PROPERTIES
35 - A1 SHEAR CENTRE DISTANCE (m), TORSION CONSTANT (J) AND WARPING CONSTANT (Iw ).
35 - A2 MONOSYMMETRY SECTION CONSTANTS.
38 - APPENDIX B - PROTECTION
38 - B1 SCOPE.
38 - B2 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION.
38 - B2.1 Members to be protected.
38 - B2.2 Protective coating.
38 - B2.3 Members made from uncoated steel.
38 - B2.4 Members made from coated steel.
38 - B3 PROTECTION DURING TRANSPORT, HANDLING AND STORAGE.
38 - B3.1 General.
38 - B3.2 Transport and handling.
38 - B3.3 Storage.
38 - B4 REPAIRS TO COATINGS.
39 - APPENDIX C - MINIMUM VALUES OF YIELD STRESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH FOR STEELS TO AS 1163, AS 1397, AS 1594 AND AS 1595
40 - APPENDIX D - REFERENCES