1 - AS/NZS 1158.1.3:1997 ROAD LIGHTING - VEHICULAR TRAFFIC (CATEGORY V) LIGHTING - GUIDE TO DESIGN, INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND....
4 - PREFACE
6 - CONTENTS
11 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
11 - 1.1 SCOPE
11 - 1.2 LIGHTING CATEGORIES AND THEIR APPLICATION
11 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
11 - 1.4 DEFINITIONS
12 - SECTION 2 WHY WE LIGHT ROADS
12 - 2.1 ROAD LIGHTING OBJECTIVES
12 - 2.2 ROAD SAFETY
12 - 2.3 ROAD LIGHTING AS AN ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURE
12 - 2.4 SECURITY AND AMENITY
13 - SECTION 3 LIGHTING PRINCIPLES
13 - 3.1 VISUAL PROCESSES AND THE LIGHTING NEEDS OF ROAD USERS
13 - 3.2 LIGHTING INSTALLATIONS AND LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
13 - 3.2.1 Basis of road lighting
14 - 3.2.2 Light technical parameters
15 - 3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING PAVEMENT LUMINANCE
18 - 3.4 PAVEMENT REFLECTANCE
18 - 3.4.1 General
18 - 3.4.2 Surface texture
18 - 3.4.3 Colour and lightness
20 - 3.4.4 Wet pavements
21 - SECTION 4 POLICY CONSIDERATIONS
21 - 4.1 INTRODUCTION
21 - 4.2 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
21 - 4.3 DEVELOPMENT OF WARRANTS
21 - 4.3.1 General
21 - 4.3.2 Factors to be considered in developing warrants
22 - 4.3.3 Economic considerations
22 - 4.4 GENERALIZED WARRANTS FOR TRAFFIC ROUTE LIGHTING
22 - 4.5 WARRANTS FOR LIGHTING ISOLATED INTERSECTIONS
22 - 4.5.1 General provision
23 - 4.5.2 Special conditions
23 - 4.6 WARRANTS FOR FREEWAY LIGHTING
23 - 4.6.1 Application
23 - 4.6.2 General justification for lighting
24 - 4.6.3 Freeways in urban areas
24 - 4.6.4 Freeways in rural areas
25 - 4.7 WARRANTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY LIGHTING AT PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS
25 - 4.7.1 General provision
25 - 4.7.2 Special cases
25 - 4.8 FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS
25 - 4.9 LIGHTING TARIFFS
26 - 4.10 THE USE AND PLACEMENT OF RIGID AND FRANGIBLE ROAD LIGHTING POLES
26 - 4.11 STANDARDS
27 - SECTION 5 EQUIPMENT
27 - 5.1 GENERAL
27 - 5.2 LAMPS
27 - 5.3 ROAD LIGHTING LUMINAIRES
29 - 5.4 BRACKET ARMS AND POLES
29 - 5.4.1 Dimensions
29 - 5.4.2 Pole types
29 - 5.4.3 Combination traffic signal mast arm and joint-use road lighting poles
30 - SECTION 6 DESIGN PROCESS
30 - 6.1 GENERAL
30 - 6.2 SIMPLIFIED ROAD LIGHTING PROCESS
30 - 6.3 FULL ROAD LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS
30 - 6.3.1 Steps involved in process
30 - 6.3.2 Design brief checklist
31 - 6.3.3 Site inspection checklist
32 - SECTION 7 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
32 - 7.1 GENERAL
32 - 7.2 ROAD SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
32 - 7.2.1 General
32 - 7.2.2 Pole positions
32 - 7.2.3 Pole setback
33 - 7.2.4 Pole type
33 - 7.2.5 Curves
33 - 7.2.6 Roundabouts
33 - 7.2.7 Delineation
33 - 7.2.8 Joint-use traffic signal mast arms and joint-use lighting poles
33 - 7.3 TREE-LINED TRAFFIC ROUTES
33 - 7.4 WEATHER CONDITIONS
33 - 7.4.1 Effects on visibility
34 - 7.4.2 Means of improving visibility
34 - 7.5 REFLECTING PROPERTIES OF ROAD SURFACES
35 - 7.6 ROAD LAYOUT
35 - 7.7 ROADWAY FEATURES
35 - 7.8 SURROUNDING BACKGROUNDS TO ROAD
36 - 7.9 VISIBILITY OF ROAD SIGNS
36 - 7.10 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
36 - 7.11 AESTHETICS
37 - SECTION 8 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
37 - 8.1 INSTALLATION GEOMETRY
37 - 8.1.1 Required data
37 - 8.1.2 Carriageway lighting design width
37 - 8.1.3 Mounting height (H)
39 - 8.1.4 Overhang
39 - 8.2 LIGHTING ARRANGEMENTS (ARRs)
39 - 8.3 MEDIAN BARRIERS
39 - 8.4 MEDIAN
39 - 8.5 CURVES AND BENDS
39 - 8.6 ROUNDABOUTS
39 - 8.6.1 General
40 - 8.6.2 Road lighting poles located on central island of diameter less than 6 m
40 - 8.6.3 Road lighting poles located on central island of diameter between 6 m and 40m
40 - 8.6.4 Road lighting poles located on central island of diameter between 40 m and 60 m
40 - 8.6.5 Road lighting poles located on central island of diameter greater than 60 m
40 - 8.6.6 Road lighting poles located outside the roundabout
41 - 8.6.7 Road lighting poles located at conflict areas
41 - 8.7 CRESTS AND HUMPS
41 - 8.7.1 Visibility problems
41 - 8.7.2 General recommendations
42 - 8.7.3 Glare at crests from luminaires
42 - 8.8 TREE-LINED TRAFFIC ROUTES
42 - 8.8.1 Influence on light technical parameters
42 - 8.8.2 Tree management policies
42 - 8.8.3 Carriageway lighting design width
42 - 8.8.4 Mounting height and arrangement
42 - 8.8.5 Spacing
43 - 8.9 SHORT BRIDGES, UNDERPASSES AND SHORT TUNNELS
43 - 8.9.1 Short bridges
43 - 8.9.2 Underpasses and short tunnels
43 - 8.10 ORIENTATION OF LUMINAIRES
43 - 8.11 TERMINATION OF ROAD LIGHTING
44 - SECTION 9 DESIGN METHODS
44 - 9.1 GENERAL
44 - 9.2 COMPUTER DESIGN
44 - 9.3 USE OF COMPUTER-GENERATED DESIGN AIDS
44 - 9.3.1 Spacing tables
45 - 9.3.2 Performance tables
45 - 9.3.3 Isolux diagrams
46 - 9.4 USE OF CURVE SPACING CHART
47 - SECTION 10 DESIGN OF INSTALLATION
47 - 10.1 PROCEDURES USED IN LIGHTING DESIGN
47 - 10.2 MINIMUM DESIGN AREAS FOR APPLICATION OF ILLUMINANCE REQUIREMENTS TO SPECIFIC ROAD SITUATIONS
47 - 10.3 LIGHTING LAYOUTS
47 - 10.3.1 Recommended lighting layouts
48 - 10.3.2 Factors influencing the lighting layout
48 - 10.3.3 Evaluation of alternative layouts
49 - 10.4 ELECTRICAL DESIGN
50 - 10.5 CIVIL/STRUCTURAL WORKS
50 - 10.6 LIGHTING DESIGN AUDIT
51 - SECTION 11 DOCUMENTATION
51 - 11.1 EVIDENCE OF COMPLIANCE
51 - 11.2 PLANS AND SCHEDULES
51 - 11.3 ESTIMATES AND MATERIAL LISTS
52 - SECTION 12 INSTALLATION
52 - 12.1 STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS
52 - 12.2 INSTALLATION AUDIT
52 - 12.2.1 Audit process
52 - 12.2.2 Audit check list
56 - SECTION 13 OPERATION
56 - 13.1 HOURS OF OPERATION
56 - 13.2 SWITCHING CONTROL
57 - SECTION 14 MAINTENANCE
57 - 14.1 GENERAL PURPOSE
57 - 14.2 FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
57 - 14.3 LAMP OUTAGES
57 - 14.3.1 General
61 - 14.3.2 Lamp failures
61 - 14.3.3 Photoelectric (PE) cell failure
61 - 14.4 LAMP AND LUMINAIRE DEPRECIATION
61 - 14.4.1 Lamp depreciation
61 - 14.4.2 Luminaire depreciation
61 - 14.4.3 Allowances for lamp and luminaire depreciation
63 - 14.5 THE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM
63 - 14.5.1 Maintenance activities
63 - 14.5.2 Outage detection and service availability requirements
63 - 14.5.3 Lamp replacement and disposal
64 - 14.5.4 Luminaire cleaning and inspection
64 - 14.5.5 Vegetation management
64 - 14.5.6 Inspection, test, repair and replacement of equipment (other than lamps and luminaires)
65 - 14.5.7 Condition monitoring
65 - 14.5.8 Maintenance records and performance review
65 - 14.5.9 Modification of the maintenance program
66 - APPENDIX A - REFERENCED AND RELATED DOCUMENTS
66 - A1 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
67 - A2 RELATED DOCUMENTS
68 - APPENDIX B - GUIDELINES FOR THE USE AND PLACEMENT OF RIGID AND FRANGIBLE ROAD LIGHTING POLES
68 - B1 SCOPE
68 - B2 APPLICATION
68 - B3 DEFINITIONS
68 - B3.1 High pedestrian activity areas
69 - B3.2 Other pedestrian activity areas
69 - B3.3 Overhead line
69 - B3.4 Rigid concrete median barrier
69 - B3.5 Road lighting pole
69 - B3.6 Pole setback
69 - B3.7 Speed limit
69 - B3.8 Pole setback zone
69 - B3.9 85th percentile speed
70 - B4 POLE CHARACTERISTICS
70 - B4.1 Rigid poles
70 - B4.2 Frangible poles
70 - B5 POLE SELECTION
72 - B6 POLE SETBACK ZONES
72 - B6.1 General
73 - B6.2 Straight sections
73 - B6.3 Curves and bends
73 - B6.4 Verges at intersections
77 - B6.5 Islands, medians, splitters and separators
77 - B6.6 Roundabout central islands
80 - B6.7 Concrete median barrier
80 - B6.8 Guard fence
80 - B6.9 Non-traversable permanent obstructions
82 - B7 WORKED EXAMPLES OF POLE SETBACK ZONES
82 - B7.1 Pole setback zones for roads with speed limits not exceeding 70 km/h
82 - B7.2 Pole setback zones for roads with speed limits exceeding 70 km/h
84 - APPENDIX C - THE PROBLEM OF NIGHT ROAD ACCIDENTS AND ROAD LIGHTING AS AN ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURE
84 - C1 INTRODUCTION
84 - C2 ROAD ACCIDENTS AT NIGHT
84 - C3 REASONS FOR HIGHER NIGHT ACCIDENT RATE
84 - C4 ROAD LIGHTING - A SUCCESSFUL ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURE
85 - C5 THE INFLUENCE OF THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHTING
85 - C6 COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ROAD LIGHTING
86 - C7 CONCLUSION
87 - APPENDIX D - TYPICAL FULL ROAD LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS
92 - APPENDIX E - ABBREVIATED LIGHTING DESIGN BRIEF
93 - APPENDIX F - RECOMMENDED LIGHTING LAYOUTS FOR SPECIFIC ROAD SITUATIONS
113 - APPENDIX G - MINIMUM DESIGN AREAS FOR APPLICATION OF ILLUMINANCE REQUIREMENTS TO SPECIFIC ROAD SITUATIONS
123 - APPENDIX H - TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES SHOWING LAMP MORTALITY AND LUMEN DEPRECIATION