• There are no items in your cart

DIN EN ISO 5667-3:2013-03

Superseded
Superseded

A superseded Standard is one, which is fully replaced by another Standard, which is a new edition of the same Standard.

WATER QUALITY - SAMPLING - PART 3: PRESERVATION AND HANDLING OF WATER SAMPLES (ISO 5667-3:2012)
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Superseded date

07-08-2019

Language(s)

German, English

Published date

01-01-2013

National foreword
National Annex NA (informative) - Bibliography
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Sampling and chain of custody
5 Reagents and materials
6 Containers
7 Sample handling and preservation
8 Sample transport
9 Identification of samples
10 Sample reception
11 Sample storage
Annex A (informative) - Techniques for sample
        preservation
Annex B (informative) - Container preparation
Annex C (informative) - Protocol as used in Dutch
        validation studies
Bibliography

Sets up general requirements for sampling, preservation, handling, transport and storage of all water samples including those for biological analyses.

DevelopmentNote
Supersedes DIN 38402-21 (07/2002) DRAFT 2018 issued in April 2018. (05/2018)
DocumentType
Standard
Pages
54
PublisherName
German Institute for Standardisation (Deutsches Institut für Normung)
Status
Superseded
Supersedes

Standards Relationship
ISO 5667-3:2012 Identical
EN ISO 5667-3:2018 Identical
EN ISO 5667-3:2012 Identical

DIN EN ISO 14403-2:2012-10 Water quality - Determination of total cyanide and free cyanide using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) - Part 2: Method using continuous flow analysis (CFA) (ISO 14403-2:2012)
DIN ISO 22743:2015-08 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF SULFATES - METHOD BY CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS (CFA) (ISO 22743:2006 + COR. 1:2007)
DIN ISO 15923-1:2014-07 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF SELECTED PARAMETERS BY DISCRETE ANALYSIS SYSTEMS - PART 1: AMMONIUM, NITRATE, NITRITE, CHLORIDE, ORTHOPHOSPHATE, SULFATE AND SILICATE WITH PHOTOMETRIC DETECTION (ISO 15923-1:2013)
DIN EN ISO 17852:2008-04 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF MERCURY - METHOD USING ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
DIN EN ISO 13161:2016-01 WATER QUALITY - MEASUREMENT OF POLONIUM 210 ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN WATER BY ALPHA SPECTROMETRY (ISO 13161:2011)
DIN EN ISO 12782-4:2012-09 Soil quality - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciation of constituents in soils and materials - Part 4: Extraction of humic substances from solid samples (ISO 12782-4:2012)
DIN EN ISO 15175:2011-09 SOIL QUALITY - CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL RELATED TO GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
DIN EN ISO 10704:2015-11 WATER QUALITY - MEASUREMENT OF GROSS ALPHA AND GROSS BETA ACTIVITY IN NON-SALINE WATER - THIN SOURCE DEPOSIT METHOD (ISO 10704:2009)
DIN EN ISO 9698:2015-12 Water quality - Determination of tritium activity concentration - Liquid scintillation counting method (ISO 9698:2010)
DIN EN ISO 22478:2006-07 Water quality - Determination of certain explosives and related compounds - Method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection (ISO 22478:2006)
DIN EN ISO 15587-2:2002-07 WATER QUALITY - DIGESTION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS IN WATER - PART 2: NITRIC ACID DIGESTION
DIN ISO 5667-14:2013-09 WATER QUALITY - SAMPLING - PART 14: GUIDANCE ON QUALITY ASSURANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLING AND HANDLING (ISO 5667-14:1998)
DIN EN ISO 13162:2015-11 Water quality - Determination of carbon 14 activity - Liquid scintillation counting method (ISO 13162:2011)
DIN EN ISO 12846:2012-08 Water quality - Determination of mercury - Method using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with and without enrichment (ISO 12846:2012)
DIN EN ISO 18857-2:2012-01 Water quality - Determination of selected alkylphenols - Part 2: Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of alkylphenols, their ethoxylates and bisphenol A in non-filtered samples following solid-phase extraction and derivatisation (ISO 18857-2:2009)
DIN 38404-3:2005-07 German standard methods for the examination of water, waste water and sludge - Physical and physical-chemical parameters (group C) - Part 3: Determination of spectral absorption in the UV range, spectral absorption coefficient (C 3)
DIN EN ISO 12782-3:2012-09 Soil quality - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciation of constituents in soils and materials - Part 3: Extraction of aluminium oxides and hydroxides with ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid (ISO 12782-3:2012)
DIN EN ISO 17353:2005-11 Water quality - Determination of selected organotin compounds - Gas chromatographic method (ISO 17353:2004)
DIN EN ISO 18856:2005-11 Water quality - Determination of selected phthalates using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ISO 18856:2004)
DIN EN ISO 16665:2014-06 WATER QUALITY - GUIDELINES FOR QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PROCESSING OF MARINE SOFT-BOTTOM MACROFAUNA (ISO 16665:2014)
VDI 3957 Blatt 2:2016-03 Biological measuring techniques for the determination and assessment of effects of air pollutants on plants (biomonitoring) - Method of the standardised grass exposure
DIN ISO 16308:2013-04 (Draft) WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF GLYPHOSATE AND AMPA - METHOD USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) WITH TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION (ISO 16308:2014)
DIN ISO 13165-1:2015-11 WATER QUALITY - RADIUM-226 - PART 1: TEST METHOD USING LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING (ISO 13165-1:2013)
DIN ISO 15175:2005-05 SOIL QUALITY - CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL RELATED TO GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
DIN EN ISO 27108:2013-12 Water quality - Determination of selected plant treatment agents and biocide products - Method using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (ISO 27108:2010)
DIN EN ISO 8199:2008-01 Water quality - General guidance on the enumeration of micro-organisms by culture (ISO 8199:2005)
DIN EN ISO 18412:2007-02 Water quality - Determination of chromium(VI) - Photometric method for weakly contaminated water (ISO 18412:2005)
DIN EN ISO 14403-1:2012-10 Water quality - Determination of total cyanide and free cyanide using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) - Part 1: Method using flow injection analysis (FIA); (ISO 14403-1:2012)
DIN EN ISO 12782-2:2012-09 Soil quality - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciation of constituents in soils and materials - Part 2: Extraction of crystalline iron oxides and hydroxides with dithionite (ISO 12782-2:2012)
DIN 19643-1:2012-11 Treatment of water of swimming pools and baths - Part 1: General requirements
DIN ISO 5667-5:2011-02 Water quality - Sampling - Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works and piped distribution systems (ISO 5667-5:2006)
DIN EN ISO 13160:2016-03 WATER QUALITY - STRONTIUM 90 AND STRONTIUM 89 - TEST METHODS USING LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING OR PROPORTIONAL COUNTING (ISO 13160:2012)
DIN EN ISO 5667-1:2007-04 Water quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques (ISO 5667-1:2006)
DIN EN ISO 23913:2009-09 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM(6) - METHOD USING FLOW ANALYSIS (FIA AND CFA) AND SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION
DIN 38406-8:2004-10 METHODS FOR EXAMINATION OF WATER, WASTE WATER AND SLUDGE - CATIONS (GROUP E) - PART 8: DETERMINATION OF ZINC - METHOD BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (AAS) USING AN AIR-ETHINE FLAME (E 8)
DIN EN ISO 21427-2:2009-08 WATER QUALITY - EVALUATION OF GENOTOXICITY BY MEASUREMENT OF THE INDUCTION OF MICRONUCLEI - PART 2: MIXED POPULATION METHOD USING THE CELL LINE V79
DIN EN ISO 12782-5:2012-09 SOIL QUALITY - PARAMETERS FOR GEOCHEMICAL MODELLING OF LEACHING AND SPECIATION OF CONSTITUENTS IN SOILS AND MATERIALS - PART 5: EXTRACTION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FROM AQUEOUS SAMPLES (ISO 12782-5:2012)
DIN EN ISO 10703:2015-12 Water quality - Determination of the activity concentration of radionuclides - Method by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry (ISO 10703:2007)
DIN EN ISO 10523:2012-04 Water quality - Determination of pH (ISO 10523:2008)
DIN ISO 20179:2007-10 Water quality - Determination of microcystins - Method using solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection (ISO 20179:2005)
DIN 38405-35:2004-09 METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF WATER, WASTE WATER AND SLUDGE - ANIONS (GROUP D) - PART 35: DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC - METHOD BY GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY (GF-AAS) (D 35)
DIN EN ISO 12782-1:2012-09 Soil quality - Parameters for geochemical modelling of leaching and speciation of constituents in soils and materials - Part 1: Extraction of amorphous iron oxides and hydroxides with ascorbic acid (ISO 12782-1:2012)
DIN EN ISO 11704:2015-11 WATER QUALITY - MEASUREMENT OF GROSS ALPHA AND BETA ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN NON-SALINE WATER - LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING METHOD (ISO 11704:2010)
DIN EN ISO 15587-1:2002-07 WATER QUALITY - DIGESTION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SELECTED ELEMENTS IN WATER - PART 1: AQUA REGIA DIGESTION

ISO 23913:2006 Water quality — Determination of chromium(VI) — Method using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) and spectrometric detection
DIN ISO 15705:2003-01 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND INDEX (ST-COD) - SMALL-SCALE SEALED TUBE METHOD
ISO 18412:2005 Water quality — Determination of chromium(VI) — Photometric method for weakly contaminated water
DIN EN 27888:1993-11 WATER QUALITY; DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
DIN ISO 9964-3:1996-08 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM - PART 3: DETERMINATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM BY FLAME EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
ISO 14402:1999 Water quality Determination of phenol index by flow analysis (FIA and CFA)
DIN EN ISO 9562:2005-02 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF ADSORBABLE ORGANICALLY BOUND HALOGENS (AOX)
ISO 10359-2:1994 Water quality Determination of fluoride Part 2: Determination of inorganically bound total fluoride after digestion and distillation
DIN EN ISO 18856:2005-11 Water quality - Determination of selected phthalates using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (ISO 18856:2004)
ISO 9377-2:2000 Water quality Determination of hydrocarbon oil index Part 2: Method using solvent extraction and gas chromatography
ISO 5663:1984 Water quality — Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen — Method after mineralization with selenium
ISO 11074:2015 Soil quality — Vocabulary
ISO 7980:1986 Water quality Determination of calcium and magnesium Atomic absorption spectrometric method
ISO 18857-1:2005 Water quality — Determination of selected alkylphenols — Part 1: Method for non-filtered samples using liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography with mass selective detection
ISO 29441:2010 Water quality Determination of total nitrogen after UV digestion Method using flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection
ISO 9439:1999 Water quality Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium Carbon dioxide evolution test
ISO 11969:1996 Water quality Determination of arsenic Atomic absorption spectrometric method (hydride technique)
ISO 8467:1993 Water quality Determination of permanganate index
DIN EN ISO 15681-1:2005-05 Water quality - Determination of orthophosphate and total phosphorus contents by flow analysis (FIA and CFA) - Part 1: Method by flow injection analysis (FIA) (ISO 15681-1:2003)
DIN EN ISO 18412:2007-02 Water quality - Determination of chromium(VI) - Photometric method for weakly contaminated water (ISO 18412:2005)
ISO 16264:2002 Water quality — Determination of soluble silicates by flow analysis (FIA and CFA) and photometric detection
DIN EN ISO 9377-2:2001-07 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF HYDROCARBON OIL INDEX - PART 2: METHOD USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
ISO 19458:2006 Water quality Sampling for microbiological analysis
DIN EN ISO 23913:2009-09 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM(6) - METHOD USING FLOW ANALYSIS (FIA AND CFA) AND SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION
ISO 10566:1994 Water quality Determination of aluminium Spectrometric method using pyrocatechol violet
ISO 10304-4:1997 Water quality Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions Part 4: Determination of chlorate, chloride and chlorite in water with low contamination
ISO 5961:1994 Water quality Determination of cadmium by atomic absorption spectrometry
ISO 15681-1:2003 Water quality Determination of orthophosphate and total phosphorus contents by flow analysis (FIA and CFA) Part 1: Method by flow injection analysis (FIA)
ISO 18856:2004 Water quality — Determination of selected phthalates using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
ISO 14403-2:2012 Water quality — Determination of total cyanide and free cyanide using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) — Part 2: Method using continuous flow analysis (CFA)
DIN EN ISO 17294-2:2005-02 WATER QUALITY - APPLICATION OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY (ICP-MS) - PART 2: DETERMINATION OF SELECTED ELEMENTS INCLUDING URANIUM ISOTOPES (ISO 17294-2:2016)
ISO 10304-3:1997 Water quality — Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions — Part 3: Determination of chromate, iodide, sulfite, thiocyanate and thiosulfate
DIN EN ISO 17353:2005-11 Water quality - Determination of selected organotin compounds - Gas chromatographic method (ISO 17353:2004)
DIN EN ISO 9963-1:1996-02 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY - PART 1: DETERMINATION OF TOTAL AND COMPOSITE ALKALINITY
ISO 11732:2005 Water quality — Determination of ammonium nitrogen — Method by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection
ISO 15682:2000 Water quality Determination of chloride by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and photometric or potentiometric detection
ISO 17852:2006 Water quality Determination of mercury Method using atomic fluorescence spectrometry
DIN EN ISO 10695:2000-11 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF SELECTED ORGANIC NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS - GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
DIN EN ISO 10523:2012-04 Water quality - Determination of pH (ISO 10523:2008)
ISO 12846:2012 Water quality — Determination of mercury — Method using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with and without enrichment
ISO 9964-3:1993 Water quality Determination of sodium and potassium Part 3: Determination of sodium and potassium by flame emission spectrometry
ISO 8245:1999 Water quality Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
DIN EN ISO 15681-2:2005-05 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE AND TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS BY FLOW ANALYSIS (FIA AND CFA) - PART 2: METHOD BY CONTINUOUS FLOW ANALYSIS (CFA)
ISO 11423-2:1997 Water quality — Determination of benzene and some derivatives — Part 2: Method using extraction and gas chromatography
ISO 11423-1:1997 Water quality — Determination of benzene and some derivatives — Part 1: Head-space gas chromatographic method
ISO 5814:2012 Water quality — Determination of dissolved oxygen — Electrochemical probe method
ISO 9963-1:1994 Water quality Determination of alkalinity Part 1: Determination of total and composite alkalinity
ISO 8165-1:1992 Water quality — Determination of selected monovalent phenols — Part 1: Gas-chromatographic method after enrichment by extraction
DIN EN ISO 6878:2004-09 Water quality - Determination of phosphorus - Ammonium molybdate spectrometric method (ISO 6878:2004)
ISO 17993:2002 Water quality — Determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water by HPLC with fluorescence detection after liquid-liquid extraction
ISO 11885:2007 Water quality Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)
ISO 15061:2001 Water quality — Determination of dissolved bromate — Method by liquid chromatography of ions
ISO 15681-2:2003 Water quality Determination of orthophosphate and total phosphorus contents by flow analysis (FIA and CFA) Part 2: Method by continuous flow analysis (CFA)
DIN EN ISO 17993:2004-03 Water quality - Determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water by HPLC with fluorescence detection after liquid-liquid extraction (ISO 17993:2002)
ISO 10304-1:2007 Water quality Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of ions Part 1: Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate
ISO 18857-2:2009 Water quality Determination of selected alkylphenols Part 2: Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of alkylphenols, their ethoxylates and bisphenol A in non-filtered samples following solid-phase extraction and derivatisation
DIN EN ISO 18857-2:2012-01 Water quality - Determination of selected alkylphenols - Part 2: Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of alkylphenols, their ethoxylates and bisphenol A in non-filtered samples following solid-phase extraction and derivatisation (ISO 18857-2:2009)
ISO 21458:2008 Water quality — Determination of glyphosate and AMPA — Method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorometric detection
DIN EN ISO 9439:2000-10 WATER QUALITY - EVALUATION OF ULTIMATE AEROBIC BIODEGRADABILITY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM - CARBON DIOXIDE EVOLUTION TEST
EN 15204:2006 Water quality - Guidance standard on the enumeration of phytoplankton using inverted microscopy (Utermöhl technique)
ISO 13395:1996 Water quality — Determination of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and the sum of both by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection
DIN EN ISO 5667-1:2007-04 Water quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques (ISO 5667-1:2006)
DIN EN 25663:1993-11 WATER QUALITY; DETERMINATION OF KJELDAHL NITROGEN; METHOD AFTER MINERALIZATION WITH SELENIUM
ISO 10359-1:1992 Water quality — Determination of fluoride — Part 1: Electrochemical probe method for potable and lightly polluted water
ISO 28540:2011 Water quality — Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water — Method using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS)
ISO 15705:2002 Water quality Determination of the chemical oxygen demand index (ST-COD) Small-scale sealed-tube method
ISO 15586:2003 Water quality Determination of trace elements using atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace
DIN EN ISO 5814:2013-02 Water quality - Determination of dissolved oxygen - Electrochemical probe method (ISO 5814:2012)
ISO 17353:2004 Water quality — Determination of selected organotin compounds — Gas chromatographic method
ISO 7888:1985 Water quality — Determination of electrical conductivity
ISO 7887:2011 Water quality — Examination and determination of colour
DIN EN ISO 7027:2000-04 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY
DIN EN ISO 14403-1:2012-10 Water quality - Determination of total cyanide and free cyanide using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) - Part 1: Method using flow injection analysis (FIA); (ISO 14403-1:2012)
DIN EN ISO 14403-2:2012-10 Water quality - Determination of total cyanide and free cyanide using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) - Part 2: Method using continuous flow analysis (CFA) (ISO 14403-2:2012)
ISO 15680:2003 Water quality Gas-chromatographic determination of a number of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene and several chlorinated compounds using purge-and-trap and thermal desorption
DIN EN ISO 17852:2008-04 WATER QUALITY - DETERMINATION OF MERCURY - METHOD USING ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
ISO 3696:1987 Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 9562:2004 Water quality — Determination of adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX)
ISO 12020:1997 Water quality — Determination of aluminium — Atomic absorption spectrometric methods
ISO 11369:1997 Water quality — Determination of selected plant treatment agents — Method using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection after solid-liquid extraction
ISO 6878:2004 Water quality — Determination of phosphorus — Ammonium molybdate spectrometric method
ISO 15913:2000 Water quality Determination of selected phenoxyalkanoic herbicides, including bentazones and hydroxybenzonitriles by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction and derivatization
DIN EN ISO 12846:2012-08 Water quality - Determination of mercury - Method using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with and without enrichment (ISO 12846:2012)
ISO 7150-1:1984 Water quality — Determination of ammonium — Part 1: Manual spectrometric method
ISO 14403-1:2012 Water quality — Determination of total cyanide and free cyanide using flow analysis (FIA and CFA) — Part 1: Method using flow injection analysis (FIA)
ISO 10523:2008 Water quality — Determination of pH
ISO 6468:1996 Water quality Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes Gas chromatographic method after liquid-liquid extraction
DIN ISO 3696:1991-06 WATER FOR ANALYTICAL LABORATORY USE - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHODS
ISO 10260:1992 Water quality — Measurement of biochemical parameters — Spectrometric determination of the chlorophyll-a concentration
ISO Guide 34:2009 General requirements for the competence of reference material producers
ISO 10695:2000 Water quality Determination of selected organic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds Gas chromatographic methods
ISO 17294-2:2016 Water quality — Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) — Part 2: Determination of selected elements including uranium isotopes
ISO 14911:1998 Water quality Determination of dissolved Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ using ion chromatography Method for water and waste water
ISO 8165-2:1999 Water quality Determination of selected monovalent phenols Part 2: Method by derivatization and gas chromatography
ISO 7027:1999 Water quality Determination of turbidity

View more information
US$149.99
Excluding Tax where applicable

Access your standards online with a subscription

Features

  • Simple online access to standards, technical information and regulations.

  • Critical updates of standards and customisable alerts and notifications.

  • Multi-user online standards collection: secure, flexible and cost effective.