AS 2360.1.5-2001

1 - AS 2360.1.5-2001 MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS - PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL METHODS-MEASUREMENT USING ORIFICE ....
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - 1 Scope
7 - 2 Normative reference
7 - 3 Definitions
7 - 3.1 steady flow
7 - 3.2 pulsating flow
8 - 4 Symbols and subscripts
8 - 4.1 Symbols
10 - 4.2 Subscripts
10 - 5 Description and detection of pulsating flow
10 - 5.1 Nature of pipe flows
10 - 5.2 Threshold between steady and pulsating flow
10 - 5.2.1 Differential pressure (DP) type flowmeters
11 - 5.2.2 Turbine flowmeters
11 - 5.2.3 Vortex flowmeters
12 - 5.3 Causes of pulsation
12 - 5.4 Occurrence of pulsating flow conditions in industrial and laboratory flowmeter installations
12 - 5.5 Detection of pulsation and determination of frequency, amplitude and waveform
12 - 5.5.1 Characteristics of the ideal pulsation sensor
12 - 5.5.2 Non-intrusive techniques
13 - 5.5.3 Insertion devices
13 - 5.5.4 Signal analysis on existing flowmeter outputs: software tools
15 - 6 Measurement of the mean flowrate of a pulsating flow
15 - 6.1 Orifice plate, nozzle, and Venturi tube
15 - 6.1.1 Description of pulsation effects and parameters
17 - 6.1.2 Flowmeters using slow-response DP sensors
19 - 6.1.3 Flowmeters using fast-response DP sensors
20 - 6.1.4 Pulsation damping
25 - 6.2 Turbine flowmeters
25 - 6.2.1 Description of pulsation effects and parameters
28 - 6.2.2 Estimation of pulsation correction factors and measurement uncertainties
29 - 6.3 Vortex flowmeters
29 - 6.3.1 Pulsation effects
30 - 6.3.2 Minimizing pulsation effects
30 - 6.3.3 Estimation of measurement uncertainties
31 - Annex A - Orifice plates, nozzles and Venturis - Theoretical considerations
31 - A.1 Introduction
31 - A.2 Derivation of equations relating error in indicated flowrate to pulsation amplitude
31 - A.3 Total error in the indicated flowrate
32 - A.4 Quasi-steady temporal inertia theory
34 - A.5 Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict discharge characteristics in pulsating flow
37 - Annex B - Orifice plates, nozzles and Venturis - Pulsation damping criteria
37 - B.1 Introduction
37 - B.2 Theoretical analysis for adequate damping - Subsonic flow in the throttling device
42 - Annex C - Turbine flowmeters - Theoretical background and experimental data
42 - C.1 Equation of motion for unsteady flow
42 - C.2 Prediction of pulsation errors
43 - C.3 Development of diagnostic software tools
45 - Annex D - Bibliography