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ASTM D 6913/D6913M : 2017

Current
Current

The latest, up-to-date edition.

Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Language(s)

English

Published date

05-18-2017

1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes.

1.1Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes. This test method is used to separate particles into size ranges and to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in each range. These data are combined to determine the particle-size distribution (gradation). This test method uses a square opening sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil between the 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-µm) sieves.

1.2The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeably throughout the standard.

1.3In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm) sieve is needed, Test Method D5519 may be used.

1.4In cases where the gradation of particles smaller than No. 200 (75-µm) sieve is needed, Test Method D7928 may be used.

1.5Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to or less than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving is applicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size is greater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5 mm (3/8-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or composite sieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size is equal to or greater than 19.0 mm (3/4-in sieve), composite sieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.

1.6Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size of the specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise Method A shall be performed.

1.6.1Method A—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must be used when performing composite sieving. For cases of disputes, Method A is the referee method.

1.6.2Method B—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is only applicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximum particle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.

1.7This test method does not cover, in any detail, procurement of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtained using appropriate methods and is representative.

1.8Sample Processing—Three procedures (moist, air dry, and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain a specimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range of particle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plasticity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testing on the sample. The procedure may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section 10 shall be followed.

1.9This test method typically requires two or three days to complete, depending on the type and size of the sample and soil type.

1.10This test method is not applicable for the following soils:

1.10.1Soils containing fibrous peat that will change in particle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.

1.10.2Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organic solvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Such extraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving procedures.

1.10.3Materials that contain cementitious components, such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures.

1.11This test method may not produce consistent test results within and between laboratories for the following soils and the precision statement does not apply to them.

1.11.1Friable soils in which the sieving processes change the gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils are some residual soils, most weathered shales and some weakly cemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.

1.11.2Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconitic clays or some dried plastic clays.

1.11.3To test these soils, this test method must be adapted, or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on the design considerations, a specialized gradation-testing program could be performed. The alterations could require the washing and sieving procedures to be standardized such that each specimen would be processed in a similar manner.

1.12Some materials that are not soils, but are made up of particles may be tested using this method. However, the applicable sections above should be used in applying this standard.

1.13All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.

1.13.1The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.

1.14Units—The dimensional values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as 200-mm or 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200, instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 µm, respectively. Only the SI units are used for mass determinations, calculations, and reported results. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.

1.15A summary of the symbols used in this test method is given in Annex A1.

1.16This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.17Table of Contents—All tables and figures appear at the end of this standard.

Section

Scope

1

 Method A

1.6.1

 Method B

1.6.2

 Sample Processing

1.8

 Units

1.14

Referenced Documents

2

 ASTM Standards

2.1

Terminology

3

 General

3.1

 Definitions

3.2

 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard

3.3

Summary of Test Method

4

Significance and Use

5

Apparatus

6

 Sieves

6.1

  Standard Sieve Set

6.1.1

  Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-μm)

6.1.2

  Designated Separating Sieve

6.1.3

 Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle

6.2

 Mechanical Sieve Shaker

6.3

 Balances

6.4

 Drying Oven

6.5

 Sieving Containers

6.6

  Specimen Containers

6.6.1

  Collection/Transfer Device

6.6.2

  Cumulative Mass Container

6.6.3

 Sieve Brushes

6.7

 Miscellaneous Items

6.8

 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional)

6.9

 Quartering Accessories (optional)

6.10

 Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle (optional)

6.11

 Low Temperature Drying Oven (optional)

6.12

 Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional)

6.13

 Dispersion Shaker (optional)

6.14

Reagents

7

 Sodium Hexametaphosphate

7.1

  Dry Addition

7.1.1.1

  Solution

7.1.1.2

Preparation of Apparatus

8

 Verification of Sieves

8.1

  Verification Interval

8.1.1

 Verification of Mechanical Sieve Shaker and
 Standard Shaking Period

8.2

  Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker

8.2.1

  Verification Interval

8.2.2

  Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure

8.2.3

Sampling

9

 General

9.1

 Sample Sources

9.2

  Bulk Samples

9.2.1

  Jar and Small Bag Samples

9.2.2

  Intact Tube Samples

9.2.3

  Samples from Prior Testing

9.2.4

Specimen

10

 General

10.1

 Minimum Mass Requirement

10.2

 Selection of Sieving Procedure

10.3

  Single Sieve-Set Sieving

10.3.1

  Composite Sieving

10.3.2

 Specimen Procurement

10.4

  Moist Procedure

10.4.1

  Air-Dried Procedure

10.4.2

  Oven-Dried Procedure

10.4.3

  Discussion on Segregating Soils

10.4.4

 Specimen Procurement and Processing Requirements

10.5

  Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving

10.5.1

  Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving

10.5.2

   Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss (CPL)

10.5.2.3

  Air-Dried Procedure, General

10.5.3

  Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving

10.5.4

  Air-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving

10.5.5

  Oven-Dried Procedure, General

10.5.6

  Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve-Set Sieving

10.5.7

  Oven-Dried Procedure, Composite Sieving

10.5.8

Procedure (Sieving)

11

 General

11.1

 Mass Measurements

11.2

 Sieve Overloading

11.3

 Single Sieve-Set Sieving

11.4

  Specimen Mass

11.4.1

  Specimen Dispersion

11.4.2

   Soaking without a Dispersant

11.4.2.1

   Soaking with a Dispersant

11.4.2.2

   Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath

11.4.2.3

  Washing Specimen

11.4.3

   General Precautions

11.4.3.1

   Transfer Specimen

11.4.3.2

   Washing

11.4.3.3

   Transfer Washed Specimen

11.4.3.4

  Dry Sieving

11.4.4

   Sieve Set

11.4.4.1

   Mechanical Shaking

11.4.4.2

  Cumulative Material/Mass Retained

11.4.5

   First Sieve

11.4.5.1

   Remaining Sieves

11.4.5.2

 Composite Sieving, Single Separation

11.5

  Coarser Portion

11.5.1

   Dispersing and Washing

11.5.1.1

   Dry Sieving Coarser Portion

11.5.1.3

  Subspecimen from Finer Portion

11.5.2

   Dispersing and Washing Subspecimen

11.5.2.1

   Dry Sieving Subspecimen

11.5.2.2

 Composite Sieving, Double Separation

11.6

  Separating 1st Subspecimen

11.6.1

  Dispersing and Washing 2nd Coarser Portion

11.6.2

  Dry Sieving 2nd Coarser Portion

11.6.3

  2nd Subspecimen

11.6.4

   Dispersing and Washing 2nd Subspecimen

11.6.4.1

   Dry Sieving 2nd Subspecimen

11.6.4.2

Calculations

12

 General

12.1

 Sieve Overloading

12.2

 Single Sieve-Set Sieving, Percent Passing

12.3

 Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen

12.4

 Composite Sieving, Single Separation

12.5

  Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion (CP)

12.5.1

   CP, Percent Passing

12.5.1.1

   CP, Composite Sieving Correction
    Factor (CSCF)

12.5.1.2

   CP, Acceptable Loss During Washing
    and Sieving

12.5.1.3

   Composite Sieving, Subspecimen (finer
    portion)

12.5.2

   Percent Passing, Specimen (combined
    coarser and finer portions)

12.5.2.1

   Subspecimen, Acceptable Fractional
    Percent Retained

12.5.2.2

   Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion

12.5.2.3

   Finer Portion, Percent Passing (optional)

12.5.3

 Composite Sieving, Double Separation

12.6

  1st Coarser Portion

12.6.1

  1st Subspecimen

12.6.2

   Percent Passing, 2nd Coarser Portion

12.6.2.1

   2nd Coarser Portion, Composite Sieving
    Correction Factor (2ndCSCF)

12.6.2.2

   2nd Coarser Portion, Acceptable Loss on
    Sieving and Washing

12.6.2.3

   2nd Coarser Portion, Acceptable Fractional
    Percent Retained

12.6.2.4

   Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion

12.6.2.5

  2nd Subspecimen

12.6.3

   Percent Passing, 2nd Subspecimen

12.6.3.1

   2nd Subspecimen, Acceptable Fractional
     Percent Retained

12.6.3.2

   Percent Passing, Acceptance Criterion

12.6.3.3

  1st Finer Portion, Percent Passing (optional)

12.6.4

   2nd Finer Portion, Composite Sieving
    Correction Factor (optional)

12.6.4.1

   2nd Finer Portion, Percent Passing for
    2nd Subspecimen (optional)

12.6.4.2

Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)

13

Precision and Bias

14

 Precision

14.1

  Precision Data Analysis

14.1.1

  Calculation of Precision

14.1.2

   Acceptance Criterion

14.1.2.4

  Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD)

14.1.3

   TTPD-Method A Repeatability

14.1.3.1

   TTPD-Method A Reproducibility

14.1.3.2

   TTPD-Method B Repeatability

14.1.3.3

   TTPD-Method B Reproducibility

14.1.3.4

  Single Test Precision Data (STPD)

14.1.4

   STPD-Method A Reproducibility

14.1.4.1

   STPD-Method B Reproducibility

14.1.4.2

  Soils Type

14.1.5

  Discussion on Precision

14.1.6

 Bias

14.2

Keywords

15

ANNEXES

Symbols

Annex A1

Sample to Specimen Splitting/Reduction Methods

Annex A2

 General

A2.1

  Mechanical Splitting

A2.1.1

  Quartering

A2.1.2

  Miniature Stockpile Sampling

A2.1.3

 Sample Processing Recommendation Based
  on Soil Type

A2.2

  Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and Clean Sand
   (SW, SP)

A2.2.1

  Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM,
   GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)

A2.2.2

  Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP-SM,
   SM)

A2.2.3

  Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or Clay
   Fines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-SM)

A2.2.4

  Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both (ML,
   MH)

A2.2.5

  Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, or
   Both (OL, OH)

A2.2.6

APPENDIXES

Example Test Data Sheets/Forms

Appendix X1

 General

X1.1

Precision: Example Calculations

Appendix X2

 General

X2.1

TABLES and FIGURES

1.18This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Committee
D 18
DocumentType
Test Method
Pages
34
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Current
Supersedes

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ASTM D 4318 : 2010 : EDT 1 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM D 7928 : 2016 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis
ASTM D 7928 : 2021 Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis
ASTM D 6026 : 1996 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
ASTM D 3740 : 2012 : REV A Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 4318 : 2017 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
ASTM D 3740 : 2003 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 2487 : 2010 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
ASTM D 2216 : 1998 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
ASTM D 2487 : 2000 Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
ASTM D 1140 : 2000 Standard Test Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finer Than the No. 200 (75-um) Sieve
ASTM C 136 : 1996 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM D 2487 : 2006 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
ASTM D 4220/D4220M : 2014 Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples (Withdrawn 2023)
ASTM D 6026 : 2021 Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data
ASTM D 2216 : 1971 Standard Method of Laboratory Determination Of Moisture Content Of Soil
ASTM D 6026 : 2001 Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
ASTM D 2487 : 2011 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
ASTM D 1557 : 2009 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft<sup>3</sup> (2,700 kN-m/m<sup>3</sup>))
ASTM D 2487 : 2017 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
ASTM D 2488 : 2009 : REV A Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
ASTM D 2488 : 2017 : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
ASTM D 2488 : 2006 Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
ASTM D 3740 : 2004 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 2487 : 1969 : R1975 Standard Test Method for Classification Of Soils For Engineering Purposes
ASTM D 698 : 2012 : EDT 2 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft<sup>3</sup> (600 kN-m/m<sup>3</sup>))

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