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ASTM D 7128 : 2018

Current
Current

The latest, up-to-date edition.

Standard Guide for Using the Seismic-Reflection Method for Shallow Subsurface Investigation
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF

Language(s)

English

Published date

07-15-2018

1.1Purpose and Application:

1.1.1This guide summarizes the technique, equipment, field procedures, data processing, and interpretation methods for the assessment of shallow subsurface conditions using the seismic-reflection method.

1.1.2Seismic reflection measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping shallow subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic (1), geotechnical, hydrogeologic (2), and environmental (3).2 The seismic-reflection method is used to map, detect, and delineate geologic conditions including the bedrock surface, confining layers (aquitards), faults, lithologic stratigraphy, voids, water table, fracture systems, and layer geometry (folds). The primary application of the seismic-reflection method is the mapping of lateral continuity of lithologic units and, in general, detection of change in acoustic properties in the subsurface.

1.1.3This guide will focus on the seismic-reflection method as it is applied to the near surface. Near-surface seismic reflection applications are based on the same principles as those used for deeper seismic reflection surveying, but accepted practices can differ in several respects. Near-surface seismic-reflection data are generally high-resolution (dominant frequency above 80 Hz) and image depths from around 6 m to as much as several hundred meters. Investigations shallower than 6 m have occasionally been undertaken, but these should be considered experimental.

1.2Limitations:

1.2.1This guide provides an overview of the shallow seismic-reflection method, but it does not address the details of seismic theory, field procedures, data processing, or interpretation of the data. Numerous references are included for that purpose and are considered an essential part of this guide. It is recommended that the user of the seismic-reflection method be familiar with the relevant material in this guide, the references cited in the text, and Guides D420, D653, D2845, D4428/D4428M, Practice D5088, Guides D5608, D5730, D5753, D6235, and D6429.

1.2.2This guide is limited to two-dimensional (2-D) shallow seismic-reflection measurements made on land. The seismic-reflection method can be adapted for a wide variety of special uses: on land, within a borehole, on water, and in three dimensions (3-D). However, a discussion of these specialized adaptations of reflection measurements is not included in this guide.

1.2.3This guide provides information to help understand the concepts and application of the seismic-reflection method to a wide range of geotechnical, engineering, and groundwater problems.

1.2.4The approaches suggested in this guide for the seismic-reflection method are commonly used, widely accepted, and proven; however, other approaches or modifications to the seismic-reflection method that are technically sound may be equally suited.

1.2.5Technical limitations of the seismic-reflection method are discussed in 5.4.

1.2.6This guide discusses both compressional (P) and shear (S) wave reflection methods. Where applicable, the distinctions between the two methods will be pointed out in this guide.

1.3This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration for a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

1.4The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

1.5Precautions:

1.5.1It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to follow any precautions within the equipment manufacturer’s recommendations, establish appropriate health and safety practices, and consider the safety and regulatory implications when explosives or any high-energy (mechanical or chemical) sources are used.

1.5.2If the method is applied at sites with hazardous materials, operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulations prior to use.

1.5.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.6This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Committee
D 18
DocumentType
Guide
Pages
26
PublisherName
American Society for Testing and Materials
Status
Current
Supersedes

ASTM D 420 : 2018 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes

ASTM D 2845 : 2000 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock
ASTM D 5730 : 2002 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water
ASTM D 653 : 2007 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 3740 : 2012 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 2845 : 2005 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock
ASTM D 3740 : 2023 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 5730 : 1998 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water
ASTM D 3740 : 2019 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 6235 : 2004 Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Ground Water Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 3740 : 2004 : REV A : EDT 1 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 5088 : 2002 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 3740 : 2008 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 6429 : 1999 : R2011 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods (Withdrawn 2020)
ASTM D 6235 : 2004 : R2010 Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 6432 : 2019 Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D 6429 : 1999 Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods
ASTM D 3740 : 1999 : REV C Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 5088 : 2015 : REV A Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 2845 : 2008 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock (Withdrawn 2017)
ASTM D 5777 : 2018 Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D 2845 : 2000 : R2004 : EDT 1 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock
ASTM D 6429 : 2020 Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods
ASTM D 5777 : 2000 : R2011 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D 5753 : 2005 Standard Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging
ASTM D 5777 : 2000 : R2006 Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D 5608 : 1994 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 6432 : 1999 Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D 653 : 2022 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 5088 : 2020 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 6429 : 1999 : R2006 Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods
ASTM D 653 : 2020 : EDT 1 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 5088 : 1990 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 6235 : 1998 : REV A Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Ground Water Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 3740 : 2011 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 4428/D4428M : 2014 Standard Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Testing (Withdrawn 2023)
ASTM D 3740 : 2010 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 653 : 2021 : REV A Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 6235 : 2018 Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites
ASTM D 3740 : 2004 : REV A Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 5608 : 2016 Standard Practices for Decontamination of Sampling and Non Sample Contacting Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 3740 : 2001 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 6432 : 2011 Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D 653 : 2021 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 653 : 2021 : REV B Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
ASTM D 5608 : 2010 Standard Practices for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 5753 : 2005 : R2010 Standard Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging
ASTM D 5777 : 2000 Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation
ASTM D 3740 : 2012 : REV A Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 6429 : 2023 Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods
ASTM D 3740 : 2003 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ASTM D 5088 : 2015 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 5608 : 2001 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 5088 : 2002 : R2008 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste Sites
ASTM D 5608 : 2001 : R2006 Standard Practices for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
ASTM D 5753 : 2018 Standard Guide for Planning and Conducting Geotechnical Borehole Geophysical Logging
ASTM D 5730 : 2004 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Groundwater (Withdrawn 2013)
ASTM D 5753 : 1995 : EDT 1 Standard Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging (Withdrawn 2005)
ASTM D 3740 : 2004 Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction

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