Personnel
Foreword
List of Figures
1. Scope
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Units of Measure
2. Normative References
3. Terms and Definitions
4. Preparations for Welding
    4.1 Cleanliness
    4.2 Purging
    4.3 Purge Gas Containment
5. Purging Prior to Welding
    5.1 Step 1
    5.2 Step 2
    5.3 Purge Time Estimates
    5.4 Recommended Residual Oxygen Levels
6. Purging During Welding
    6.1 Flow Rate Reduction
    6.2 Flow Rates for Open-Root Welds and for Joints
         with Consumable Inserts
    6.3 Purge Maintenance for Subsequent Weld Layers
7. Tack Welding
    7.1 Preparation and Spacing
    7.2 Inspection, Removal of Discrepancies, and Cleaning
8. Welding Using GTAW Without Consumable Inserts
    8.1 General
    8.2 Tungsten Electrode Type and Configuration
    8.3 Joint Design
    8.4 Purge Containment
    8.5 Arc Initiation
    8.6 Welding Technique-Open Root Groove
    8.7 Welding Technique-Groove with Zero
         Root Opening
    8.8 Welding Pipe in Various Positions
    8.9 Stop and Start Areas
9. Welding Using GTAW with Consumable Inserts
    9.1 Description and Specifications of Consumable
         Inserts
    9.2 Welding Techniques for Consumable Inserts
    9.3 Pipe Axis Horizontal
10. GTAW of Stainless Steels with Flux Cored Filler
    Metals and Backing Fluxes
    10.1 Flux Cored Filler Metals
    10.2 Backing Fluxes
    10.3 Limitations
11. Welding Carbon and Low Alloy Steels with SMAW
    and GMAW
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) with
         Cellulosic Covered Electrodes
    11.3 Low Hydrogen (Basic) SMAW for Open Gap
         Root Pass Welding
    11.4 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) with
         Rutile Covered Electrodes
    11.5 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
12. Intermediate Weld Layers
    12.1 Inspection and Purging
    12.2 Processes and Limitations
13. Welding of Aluminum Alloys
    13.1 Characteristics of Aluminum that Affect
         Welding Techniques
    13.2 Welding Techniques
14. Welding Equipment
    14.1 GTAW Torches
    14.2 Gas Nozzles
    14.3 Gas Lenses
    14.4 Power Supplies
    14.5 Machine and Automatic Welding Equipment
Annex A (Informative) - Guidelines for the Preparation of
                        Technical Inquiries
List of AWS Documents on Piping and Tubing