BS 4094-2(1971) : 1971

Co-operating organizations
Foreword
Section one: Introduction
1 General
2 X-rays 10 kV to 500 kV
3 X-rays 500 kV to 35 MV
Section two: Data sheets and broad beam transmission
              graphs
A Scattered radiation
B Leakage radiation
C Bremssstrahlung
D Secondary sources
E Design considerations
F References
G Definitions
Tables
1 Lead equivalents of various materials for narrow-
     beam pulsating potential X-rays
2 Exposure rates outside an open-topped room as
     fraction of beam output (40 degree primary beam
     pointed directly upward; target height 80 cm)
3 Exposure rates outside an open-topped room as
     fraction of beam output (40 degree primary beam
     pointed directly downward; target height 200 cm)
4 Factors by which Table 3 values must be multiplied
     for different wall heights
5 Energy of scattered X-rays
6 Half-value thicknesses and tenth-value thicknesses
     for heavily filtered radiation
7 Total spectral distribution of bremsstrahlung
     produced in lead for a range of primary beta
     energies
8 Threshold photon energy for photoneutron production
9 Half-lives and activities of nuclei produced by
     (gamma,n) reaction
10 Activation of targets by fast neutrons
Figures
1 X-ray output 4 kV to 50 kV pulsating potential
2 X-ray output 5 kV to 50 kV constant potential
3 X-ray output 50 kV to 200 kV constant potential
4 X-ray output 200 kV to 500 kV constant potential
5 X-ray output 0.2 MV to 3 MV constant potential
6 X-ray output 2 MV to 35 MV constant potential
7a Transmission of 10 kV to 50 kV constant potential
     X-rays through aluminium
7b Transmission of 10 kV to 50 kV constant potential
     X-rays through mild steel
7c Transmission of 10 kV to 50 kV constant potential
     X-rays through sheet glass
7d Transmission of 10 kV to 50 kV constant potential
     X-rays through Perspex
7e Transmission of 10 kV to 50 kV constant potential
     X-rays through wood
7f Transmission of 20 kV to 50 kV constant potential
     X-rays through brass
7g Transmission of 20 kV to 40 kV X-rays through lead
     (shown in tabular form only)
8 Transmission of 50 kV to 300 kV pulsating potential
     X-rays through concrete
9 Transmission of 50 kV to 200 kV pulsating potential
     X-rays through lead
10 Transmission of 250 kV and 300 kV pulsating
     potential X-rays through lead
11 Transmission of 50 kV to 200 kV constant potential
     X-rays through lead
12 Transmission of 250 kV to 400 kV constant potential
     X-rays through lead
13 Transmission of 300 kV and 400 kV constant
     potential X-rays through concrete
14 Transmission of 0.5 MV to 3.0 MV constant potential
     X-rays through concrete
15 Transmission of 0.5 MV to 2.0 MV constant potential
     X-rays through lead
16 Transmission of 4 MV to 38 MV constant potential
     X-rays through concrete
17 Variation of percentage scatter with irradiated
     area for moderate energy X-rays
18 Variation of percentage scatter with energy for:
     a Building materials
     b Metals
     c Low atomic number materials
19 Scattering patterns of X-ray and gamma ray beams
     normally incident on a concrete shield
20 Diagram of hooded anode tube and housing
21 Transmission of hydrogen-3 bremsstrahlung through
     barriers of aluminium and steel
22 Transmission of promethium-147/aluminium
     bremsstrahlung through lead and iron
23 Transmission of krypton-85/carbon bremsstrahlung
     through a lead barrier
24 Transmission of strontium-90 and yttrium-90/
     aluminium bremsstrahlung through a lead barrier
25 Neutron production cross section for gold
26a Photoneutron production from a semi-infinite
     electron target
26b Photoneutron production from an X-ray target and
     bremsstrahlung beam stopper
27 Neutron yield from targets as in Fig. 26a and 26b
28 Neutron yield from targets irradiated with 18 MeV
     and 22 MeV bremsstrahlung
29a Lead shield abutments with concrete shield
29b Lead shield abutments with concrete shield
30 Abutments of a shield on a floor
31 Fixing lead sheet to an existing wall
32 Packed screw in lead shield
33 Shield box for pipe or cable run
34 Examples of joint in shield panels
35 Typical design of sliding door using with 250 kVp
     X-ray set
36 Illustration of thick door in form of removable
     stepped plug
37 Lead glass window for a high energy unit

Deals in detail with calculation of shielding barriers. Also deals with scattered and leakage radiation, bremsstrahlung, secondary sources, design, references and meanings.