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HB 195-2002

Current
Current

The latest, up-to-date edition.

The Australian Earth Building Handbook
Available format(s)

Hardcopy , PDF 1 User , PDF 3 Users , PDF 5 Users , PDF 9 Users

Language(s)

English

Published date

01-01-2002

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1 - HB 195-2002 THE AUSTRALIAN EARTH BUILDING HANDBOOK
4 - Preface
6 - Contents
10 - CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
10 - 1.1 SCOPE OF HANDBOOK
11 - 1.2 HISTORY
17 - 1.3 WHY EARTH CONSTRUCTION?
17 - 1.3.1 Advantages
20 - 1.3.2 Limitations
21 - 1.4 FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION
21 - 1.4.1 Loadbearing wall construction
22 - 1.1.1 Post and beam construction
23 - 1.5 PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
25 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS
30 - CHAPTER 2 EARTH BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
30 - 2.1 MATERIALS
30 - 2.1.1 Soils
33 - 2.1.2 Stabilisation
35 - 2.1.3 Water
35 - 2.1.4 Soil suitability
39 - 2.2 MUD BRICK CONSTRUCTION
40 - 2.2.1 Scope
40 - 2.2.2 Materials
41 - 2.2.3 Manufacture
43 - 2.2.4 Construction
44 - 2.2.5 Characteristics
45 - 2.3 PRESSED EARTH BLOCK CONSTRUCTION
45 - 2.3.1 Scope
45 - 2.3.2 Materials
46 - 2.3.3 Block manufacture
48 - 2.3.4 Construction
49 - 2.3.5 Characteristics
49 - 2.4 RAMMED EARTH CONSTRUCTION
50 - 2.4.1 Materials
50 - 2.4.2 Formwork
53 - 2.4.3 Construction
54 - 2.4.4 Characteristics
54 - 2.5 OTHER FORMS OF EARTH WALL CONSTRUCTION
55 - 2.5.1 Poured earth construction
57 - 2.5.2 Cob construction
60 - CHAPTER 3 DETAILING, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
60 - 3.1 WALL LAYOUT
60 - 3.1.1 Openings
61 - 3.1.2 Design for earthquakes
62 - 3.1.3 Provision for wall movement
64 - 3.2 PROTECTIVE COATINGS
64 - 3.2.1 General
65 - 3.2.2 Function and form
66 - 3.2.3 Surface coatings
67 - 3.2.4 Renders
68 - 3.2.5 Cladding and facing
69 - 3.3 DAMP PROOFING
71 - 3.4 TERMITE PROTECTION
73 - 3.5 EARTH FLOORS
74 - 3.6 LINTELS
74 - 3.6.1 General
77 - 3.6.2 Earth lintels
79 - 3.6.3 Reinforced concrete lintels
79 - 3.6.4 Steel lintels
81 - 3.6.5Timber lintels
81 - 3.7 TOP PLATES AND BOND BEAMS
81 - 3.7.1 Function
82 - 3.7.2 Timber top plates
82 - 3.7.3 Reinforced concrete bond beams
83 - 3.8 SERVICES
85 - 3.9 DOOR AND WINDOW FRAME FIXINGS
85 - 3.10 NON-STRUCTURAL WALL FIXINGS
87 - 3.11 FIREPLACES
87 - 3.12 QUALITY OF WORK
87 - 3.12.1 General considerations
87 - 3.12.2 Materials
88 - 3.12.3 Quality of construction
93 - 3.12.4 Tolerances
93 - 3.12.5 Compliance testing
94 - 3.13 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
94 - 3.13.1 Maintenance
96 - 3.13.2 Repairs
100 - CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF EARTH BUILDINGS
100 - 4.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
100 - 4.2 DURABILITY
101 - 4.2.1 Durability testing of materials
103 - 4.2.2 General design considerations
104 - 4.2.3 Eaves projection
105 - 4.2.4 Footing detail
106 - 4.3 DESIGN PROPERTIES AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
106 - 4.3.1 Design properties
108 - 4.3.2 Other earth building components
108 - 4.3.3 Dimensions and cross-section properties
109 - 4.3.4 Structural adequacy
110 - 4.3.5 Control joints
110 - 4.3.6 Design for seismic loading
110 - 4.4 UNREINFORCED EARTH WALLS
110 - 4.4.1 Scope of Section
111 - 4.4.2 Design for combined compression and bending
112 - 4.4.3 Concentrated compression loads
113 - 4.4.4 Out-of-plane flexural capacity of walls
114 - 4.4.5 Design for shear
114 - 4.4.6 Torsion
115 - 4.5 REINFORCED EARTH WALLS
115 - 4.5.1 Materials
116 - 4.5.2 Form of construction
117 - 4.5.3 Design and detailing of embedded reinforcement
118 - 4.5.4 Design of holding-down bolts for top plates
120 - 4.5.5 Anchorage bond strength in rammed earth
121 - 4.6 FIRE RESISTANCE LEVEL
122 - CHPATER 5 FOOTINGS FOR EARTH BUILDINGS
122 - 5.1 AS 2870 STANDARD SOLUTIONS
122 - 5.1.1 Scope
122 - 5.1.2 Materials
122 - 5.1.3 Site classification
123 - 5.1.4 Deemed-to-comply standard solutions
127 - 5.2 DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION
127 - 5.2.1 Site preparation
128 - 5.2.2 Drainage
128 - 5.2.3 Damp proofing
129 - 5.2.4 Reinforcement detailing
130 - 5.2.5 Articulation joints
130 - 5.2.6 Concreting
130 - 5.2.7 Foundation maintenance
131 - 5.3 STABILISED EARTH FOOTINGS
131 - 5.3.1 Suitability
132 - 5.3.2 Materials
132 - 5.3.3 Footing design
132 - 5.3.4 Construction
134 - CHPATER 6 FUTURE OF EARTH BUILDING
134 - Education and Training
134 - Mechanisation
135 - Promotion, representation and support
135 - Quality control
135 - Research
135 - Standards and regulations
140 - APPENDIX A - MATERIAL TESTING
140 - A1 SOIL TESTING
140 - A1.1 Sampling
140 - A1.2 Sensory testing
141 - A1.3 Ribbon test
141 - A1.4 Dry strength test
142 - A1.5 Sedimentation test
142 - A1.6 Shrinkage test
143 - A1.7 Drop test
145 - A2 SAMPLES FOR COMPLIANCE TESTING
145 - A2.1 Individual units
145 - A2.2 In situ cast walls
146 - A3 FIELD TESTS
146 - A3.1 Dry density
146 - A3.2 Water absorption
147 - A3.3 Strength assessment
149 - A3.4 Robustness assessment
150 - A3.5 Durability assessment
153 - A4 LABORATORY TESTING OF EARTH BUILDING MATERIALS
153 - A4.1 Dry density
153 - A4.2 Water absorption
154 - A4.3 Compressive strength
155 - A4.4 Bending strength
156 - A4.5 Accelerated erosion test
158 - A4.6 Earth wall compressive strength test
158 - A4.7 Earth masonry bending strength by bond wrench test
160 - A5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
161 - APPENDIX B - USEFUL CONTACTS

This Handbook sets out principles of accepted good practice and recommended design guidelines for lightly loaded, primarily single- and two-storey, buildings constructed using unbaked earthen walls and floors. It provides guidance on material selection, preparation and use, different building techniques, recommendations for construction details, measures for maintenance and repairs, design for durability and strength, standard footings solutions and sets out standard test procedures.

This Handbook sets out principles of accepted good practice and recommended design guidelines for lightly loaded buildings built using unbaked earthen walls and floors. Provisions set out in this Handbook are primarily, but not exclusively, intended for single- or two-storey earth wall construction. The Handbook is not a comprehensive treatise on earth wall construction technology.The guidance given is the culmination of a long and successful history of Australian earth wall construction. The Handbook seeks to promote continuity of this innovative tradition and encourage alternative solutions wherever possible. Therefore, in addition to the recommendations set out below, satisfactory construction may be demonstrated by precedence (with a verified service history), shown by experimental verification, or proven in accordance with rational design methods following accepted principles and undertaken by suitably qualified and experienced professionals.Guidance on material selection, preparation and use is outlined in Chapter 2 of the Handbook. Earth walling covers a wide range of techniques, including masonry and monolithic forms of construction, which are also described in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 sets out recommendations for proven construction details for earth walls and floors. Measures for maintenance and repair are also provided. Design of earth walls covering durability and strength, together with deemed-to-comply provisions based on accepted best practice, are given in Chapter 4. Standard footing solutions for earth buildings are detailed in Chapter 5. These include solutions taken from AS 2870 [1], and proposals for earthen footings as well. Appendix A sets out standard test procedures for stabilised earthen materials and components. Deemed to comply solutions set out are restricted to design category A1 or H2 domestic structure for earthquake design and buildings in areas where the design wind speed does not exceed W41 [37].The Handbook has been written primarily for a professional readership, including architects, builders, engineers and building inspectors. Whilst some parts of the Handbook, Chapter 4 for example, require an understanding of basic engineering principles, the Handbook is also intended to be accessible to a more general readership, including the owner-builder.

Committee
BD-083
DocumentType
Handbook
ISBN
0 7337 4000 6
Pages
130
PublisherName
Standards Australia
Status
Current

First published as HB 195-2002.

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