This European Standard:— defines the forces and moments to be taken into account with reference to masses, traction and braking conditions;— gives the stress calculation method for axles with outside axle journals;— specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations for steel grade EA1N,EA1T and EA4T defined in EN 13261;— describes the method for determination of the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades;— determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle and recommends the preferred shapes and transitions to ensure adequate service performance.