AS 3600-1994

1 - AS 3600-1994 CONCRETE STRUCTURES
4 - PREFACE
7 - CONTENTS
12 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
12 - 1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
12 - 1.1.1 Scope
12 - 1.1.2 Application
12 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
13 - 1.3 INTERPRETATIONS AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS
13 - 1.3.1 General
13 - 1.3.2 Interpretations
13 - 1.3.3 Use of other materials or methods
13 - 1.3.4 Existing structures
13 - 1.4 DESIGN
13 - 1.4.1 Design data
13 - 1.4.2 Design details
14 - 1.5 CONSTRUCTION
14 - 1.6 DEFINITIONS
14 - 1.6.1 General
14 - 1.6.2 Administrative definitions
14 - 1.6.3 Technical definitions
16 - 1.7 NOTATION
24 - SECTION 2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES
24 - 2.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
24 - 2.1.1 Aim
24 - 2.1.2 Requirements
24 - 2.2 DESIGN FOR STABILITY
24 - 2.3 DESIGN FOR STRENGTH
24 - 2.4 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
24 - 2.4.1 General
24 - 2.4.2 Deflection limits for beams and slabs
26 - 2.4.3 Lateral drift
26 - 2.4.4 Cracking
26 - 2.4.5 Vibration
26 - 2.5 DESIGN FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY BY LOAD TESTING OF A PROTOTYPE
26 - 2.6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
26 - 2.7 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
26 - 2.8 OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
27 - SECTION 3 LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STABILITY, STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
27 - 3.1 LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS
27 - 3.1.1 Loads
27 - 3.1.2 Construction loads
27 - 3.1.3 Other actions
27 - 3.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS FRO STABILITY DESIGN
28 - 3.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH DESIGN
28 - 3.3.1 Structures other than bridges
28 - 3.3.2 Bridges
28 - 3.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY DESIGN
28 - 3.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR FIRE-RESISTANCE DESIGN
29 - SECTION 4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
29 - 4.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION
29 - 4.2 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
29 - 4.2.1 General
29 - 4.2.2 Additional requirements
29 - 4.3 EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION
29 - 4.3.1 General
29 - 4.3.2 Concession for exterior exposure of a single surface
31 - 4.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE FOR EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS A1 AND A2
31 - 4.5 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE FOR EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATIONS B1, B2 AND C
32 - 4.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE FOR EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION U
32 - 4.7 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ABRASION
32 - 4.8 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FREEZING AND THAWING
33 - 4.9 RESTRICTIONS ON CHEMICAL CONTENT IN CONCRETE
33 - 4.9.1 Restriction on chloride-ion content for corrosion protection
33 - 4.9.2 Restriction on sulphate content
33 - 4.9.3 Restriction on other salts
33 - 4.10 REQUIREMENTS FOR COVER TO REINFORCING STEEL AND TENDONS
33 - 4.10.1 General
33 - 4.10.2 Cover for concrete placement
33 - 4.10.3 Cover for corrosion protection
36 - SECTION 5 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
36 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
36 - 5.2 DEFINITIONS
36 - 5.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
36 - 5.3.1 General
36 - 5.3.2 Joints
37 - 5.3.3 Spalling of beams and columns
37 - 5.3.4 Methods for determining fire-resistance periods
37 - 5.4 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR BEAMS
37 - 5.4.1 Insulation and integrity for beams
37 - 5.4.2 Structural adequacy for beams incorporated in roof or floor systems
37 - 5.4.3 Structural adequacy for beams exposed to fire on all sides
37 - 5.4.4 Increasing fire-resistance periods of beams by insulating materials
39 - 5.5 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR SLABS
39 - 5.5.1 Insulation for slabs
39 - 5.5.2 Integrity for slabs
39 - 5.5.3 Structural adequacy for slabs
39 - 5.5.4 Increasing fire-resistance periods of slabs by insulating materials
40 - 5.6 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR COLUMNS
40 - 5.6.1 General
41 - 5.6.2 Insulation and integrity for columns
41 - 5.6.3 Structural adequacy for columns
41 - 5.6.4 Increasing fire-resistance periods for columns by insulating materials
41 - 5.7 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FOR WALLS
41 - 5.7.1 General
42 - 5.7.2 Insulation for walls
42 - 5.7.3 Integrity for walls
42 - 5.7.4 Structural adequacy for walls
43 - 5.7.5 Increasing fire-resistance periods for walls by insulating materials
43 - 5.8 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS FROM FIRE TESTS
43 - 5.8.1 General
43 - 5.8.2 Loadbearing members tested under load
44 - 5.8.3 Beams, slabs and columns tested as non-loaded members
44 - 5.9 FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS BY CALCULATION
44 - 5.10 INCREASE OF FIRE-RESISTANCE PERIODS BY USE OF INSULATING MATERIALS
44 - 5.10.1 Increase of fire-resistance periods by the addition of insulating materials
46 - 5.10.2 Increase of insulation period of slabs by application of toppings
47 - SECTION 6 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
47 - 6.1 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
47 - 6.1.1 Strength
47 - 6.1.2 Modulus of elasticity
47 - 6.1.3 Density
47 - 6.1.4 Stress-strain curves
47 - 6.1.5 Poisson's ratio
48 - 6.1.6 Coefficient of thermal expansion
48 - 6.1.7 Shrinkage
49 - 6.1.8 Creep
51 - 6.2 PROPERTIES OF REINFORCEMENT
51 - 6.2.1 Strength
51 - 6.2.2 Modulus of elasticity
51 - 6.2.3 Stress-strain curves
52 - 6.2.4 Coefficient of thermal expansion
52 - 6.3 PROPERTIES OF TENDONS
52 - 6.3.1 Strength
52 - 6.3.2 Modulus of elasticity
52 - 6.3.3 Stress-strain curves
53 - 6.3.4 Relaxation of tendons
54 - 6.4 LOSS OF PRESTRESS IN TENDONS
54 - 6.4.1 General
54 - 6.4.2 Immediate loss of prestress
55 - 6.4.3 Time-dependent losses of prestress
57 - SECTION 7 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
57 - 7.1 GENERAL
57 - 7.1.1 Methods of analysis
57 - 7.1.2 Definitions
59 - 7.2 SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR REINFORCED CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS
59 - 7.2.1 Application
59 - 7.2.2 Negative design moment
60 - 7.2.3 Positive design moment
60 - 7.2.4 Transverse design shear force
60 - 7.3 SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR REINFORCED TWO-WAY SLABS SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES
60 - 7.3.1 Application
60 - 7.3.2 Design bending moments
61 - 7.3.3 Torsional moment at exterior corners
61 - 7.3.4 Load allocation
61 - 7.4 SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR REINFORCED TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS HAVING MULTIPLE SPANS
61 - 7.4.1 Application
62 - 7.4.2 Total static moment for a span
62 - 7.4.3 Design moments
63 - 7.4.4 Transverse distribution of the design bending moment
63 - 7.4.5 Moment transfer for shear in flat slabs
63 - 7.4.6 Shear forces in beam-and-slab construction
63 - 7.4.7 Openings in slabs
64 - 7.5 IDEALIZED FRAME METHOD FOR STRUCTURES INCORPORATING TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS
64 - 7.5.1 Application
64 - 7.5.2 The idealized frame
64 - 7.5.3 Arrangement of vertical load for buildings
64 - 7.5.4 Calculation of action effects in the idealized frame
65 - 7.5.5 Distribution of bending moments between column and middle strips
65 - 7.5.6 Torsional moments
65 - 7.5.7 Openings in slabs
65 - 7.6 LINEAR ELASTIC ANALYSIS
65 - 7.6.1 Application
66 - 7.6.2 General
66 - 7.6.3 Span length
66 - 7.6.4 Arrangement of vertical loads for buildings
66 - 7.6.5 Stiffness
66 - 7.6.6 Deflections
67 - 7.6.7 Secondary bending moments and shear resulting from prestress
67 - 7.6.8 Moment redistribution in reinforced concrete members for strength design
67 - 7.6.9 Moment redistribution in prestressed concrete members for strength design
67 - 7.6.10 Critical section for negative moments
67 - 7.6.11 Minimum transverse shear
67 - 7.7 ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF FRAMES INCORPORATING SECONDARY BENDING MOMENTS
67 - 7.7.1 Application
67 - 7.7.2 General
68 - 7.8 RIGOROUS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
68 - 7.8.1 General
68 - 7.8.2 Material properties
68 - 7.8.3 Geometric effects
68 - 7.8.4 Three-dimensional effects
68 - 7.8.5 Interaction with the foundations
68 - 7.9 PLASTIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR SLABS
68 - 7.9.1 General
68 - 7.9.2 Lower bound method
68 - 7.9.3 Yield line method
68 - 7.10 PLASTIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
69 - SECTION 8 DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
69 - 8.1 STRENGTH OF BEAMS IN BENDING
69 - 8.1.1 General
69 - 8.1.2 Basic principles
69 - 8.1.3 Design strength in bending
70 - 8.1.4 Minimum strength requirements
70 - 8.1.5 Stress in reinforcement and bonded tendons at ultimate strength
71 - 8.1.6 Stress in tendons not yet bonded
71 - 8.1.7 Spacing of reinforcement and tendons
71 - 8.1.8 Detailing of flexural reinforcement
73 - 8.2 STRENGTH OF BEAMS IN SHEAR
73 - 8.2.1 Application
73 - 8.2.2 Design shear strength of a beam
73 - 8.2.3 Tapered members
73 - 8.2.4 Maximum transverse shear near a support
73 - 8.2.5 Requirements for shear reinforcement
73 - 8.2.6 Shear strength limited by web crushing
74 - 8.2.7 Shear strength of a beam excluding shear reinforcement
75 - 8.2.8 Minimum shear reinforcement
75 - 8.2.9 Shear strength of a beam with minimum reinforcement
75 - 8.2.10 Contribution to shear strength by the shear reinforcement
75 - 8.2.11 Suspension reinforcement
75 - 8.2.12 Detailing of shear reinforcement
76 - 8.3 STRENGTH OF BEAMS IN TORSION
76 - 8.3.1 Application
76 - 8.3.2 Torsion redistribution
76 - 8.3.3 Torsional strength limited by web crushing
77 - 8.3.4 Requirements for torsional reinforcement
77 - 8.3.5 Torsional strength of a beam
78 - 8.3.6 Longitudinal torsional reinforcement
78 - 8.3.7 Minimum torsional reinforcement
78 - 8.3.8 Detailing of torsional reinforcement
78 - 8.4 LONGITUDINAL SHEAR IN BEAMS
78 - 8.4.1 Application
78 - 8.4.2 Design shear force
79 - 8.4.3 Design shear strength
79 - 8.4.4 Shear plane surface coefficients
79 - 8.4.5 Shear plane reinforcement
80 - 8.4.6 Minimum thickness of structural components
80 - 8.5 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
80 - 8.5.1 General
80 - 8.5.2 Beam deflection by refined calculation
80 - 8.5.3 Beam deflection by simplified calculation
81 - 8.5.4 Deemed to comply span-to-depth ratios for reinforced beams
81 - 8.6 CRACK CONTROL OF BEAMS
81 - 8.6.1 Crack control for flexure in reinforced beams
82 - 8.6.2 Crack control for flexure in prestressed beams
82 - 8.6.3 Crack control in the side face of beams
82 - 8.6.4 Crack control at openings and discontinuities
82 - 8.7 VIBRATION OF BEAMS
82 - 8.8 T-BEAMS AND L-BEAMS
82 - 8.8.1 General
82 - 8.8.2 Effective width of flange for strength and serviceability
82 - 8.9 SLENDERNESS LIMITS FOR BEAMS
82 - 8.9.1 General
83 - 8.9.2 Simply-supported and continuous beams
83 - 8.9.3 Cantilever beams
83 - 8.9.4 Reinforcement for slender prestressed beams
84 - SECTION 9 DESIGN OF SLABS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
84 - 9.1 STRENGTH OF SLABS IN BENDING
84 - 9.1.1 General
84 - 9.1.2 Reinforcement and tendon distribution in two-way flat slabs
84 - 9.1.3 Detailing of tensile reinforcement in slabs
86 - 9.1.4 Spacing of reinforcement and tendons
87 - 9.2 STRENGTH OF SLABS IN SHEAR
87 - 9.2.1 General
87 - 9.2.2 Application
87 - 9.2.3 Ultimate shear strength where M* is zero
89 - 9.2.4 Ultimate shear strength where M* is not zero
89 - 9.2.5 Minimum area of closed ties
89 - 9.2.6 Detailing of shear reinforcement
90 - 9.3 DEFLECTION OF SLABS
90 - 9.3.1 General
90 - 9.3.2 Slab deflection by refined calculation
90 - 9.3.3 Slab deflection by simplified calculation
91 - 9.3.4 Deemed to comply span-to-depth ratio for reinforced slabs
92 - 9.4 CRACK CONTROL OF SLABS
92 - 9.4.1 Crack control for flexure in reinforced slabs
92 - 9.4.2 Crack control for flexure in prestressed slabs
93 - 9.4.3 Crack control for shrinkage and temperature effects
93 - 9.4.4 Crack control in the vicinity of restraints
93 - 9.4.5 Crack control at openings and discontinuities
93 - 9.5 VIBRATION OF SLABS
94 - 9.6 MOMENT RESISTING WIDTH FOR ONE-WAY SLABS SUPPORTING CONCENTRATED LOADS
94 - 9.7 LONGITUDINAL SHEAR IN COMPOSITE SLABS
95 - SECTION 10 DESIGN OF COLUMNS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
95 - 10.1 GENERAL
95 - 10.1.1 Design strength
95 - 10.1.2 Minimum bending moment
95 - 10.1.3 Definitions
95 - 10.2 DESIGN PROCEDURES
95 - 10.2.1 Design procedure using linear elastic analysis
95 - 10.2.2 Design procedure, incorporating secondary bending moments
95 - 10.2.3 Design procedure,using rigorous analysis
95 - 10.3 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS
95 - 10.3.1 General
96 - 10.3.2 Short column with small compressive axial force
96 - 10.3.3 Short braced column with small bending moments
96 - 10.4 DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMNS
96 - 10.4.1 General
96 - 10.4.2 Moment magnifier for a braced column
97 - 10.4.3 Moment magnifier for an unbraced column
97 - 10.4.4 Buckling load
97 - 10.5 SLENDERNESS
97 - 10.5.1 General
97 - 10.5.2 Radius of gyration
98 - 10.5.3 Effective length of a column
98 - 10.5.4 End restraint coefficients for regular rectangular framed structures
100 - 10.5.5 End restraint coefficients for any framed structure
100 - 10.5.6 End restraint provided by footings
100 - 10.6 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS IN COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION
100 - 10.6.1 Basis of strength calculations
101 - 10.6.2 Rectangular stress block
101 - 10.6.3 Calculation of N
101 - 10.6.4 Design based on each bending moment acting separately
102 - 10.6.5 Design for biaxial bending and compression
102 - 10.7 REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS
102 - 10.7.1 Limitations on longitudinal steel
102 - 10.7.2 Bundled bars
102 - 10.7.3 Restraint of longitudinal reinforcement
103 - 10.7.4 Splicing of longitudinal reinforcement
104 - 10.8 TRANSMISSION OF AXIAL FORCE THROUGH FLOOR SYSTEMS
105 - SECTION 11 DESIGN OF WALLS
105 - 11.1 APPLICATION
105 - 11.2 DESIGN PROCEDURES
105 - 11.2.1 General
105 - 11.2.2 Walls subject only to in-plane vertical forces
105 - 11.2.3 Walls subject to in-plane vertical and horizontal forces
105 - 11.2.4 Walls subject principally to horizontal forces perpendicular to the wall
105 - 11.2.5 Walls subject to in-plane vertical forces and horizontal forces perpendicular to the wall
105 - 11.2.6 Walls forming part of a framed structure
105 - 11.3 BRACING OF WALLS
106 - 11.4 SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHOD FOR BRACED WALLS SUBJECT TO VERTICAL FORCES ONLY
106 - 11.4.1 Eccentricity of vertical load
106 - 11.4.2 Maximum effective height-to-thickness ratio
106 - 11.4.3 Effective height
106 - 11.4.4 Design axial strength of a wall
106 - 11.5 DESIGN OF WALLS FOR IN-PLANE HORIZONTAL FORCES
106 - 11.5.1 In-plane bendind
107 - 11.5.2 Critical section for shear
107 - 11.5.3 Strength in shear
107 - 11.5.4 Shear strength without shear reinforcement
107 - 11.5.5 Contribution to shear strength by shear reinforcement
107 - 11.6 REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR WALLS
107 - 11.6.1 Minimum reinforcement
108 - 11.6.2 Horizontal reinforcement for crack control
108 - 11.6.3 Spacing of reinforcement
108 - 11.6.4 Restraint of vertical reinforcement
109 - SECTION 12 DESIGN OF NON-FLEXURAL MEMBERS, END ZONES AND BEARING SURFACES
109 - 12.1 DESIGN OF NON-FLEXURAL MEMBERS
109 - 12.1.1 General
109 - 12.1.2 Design based on strut and tie action
110 - 12.1.3 Design based on stress analysis
111 - 12.1.4 Empirical design methods
111 - 12.2 ANCHORAGE ZONES FOR PRESTRESSING ANCHORAGES
111 - 12.2.1 Application
111 - 12.2.2 General
111 - 12.2.3 Loading cases to be considered
111 - 12.2.4 Calculation of tensile forces along line of an anchorage force
111 - 12.2.5 Calculation of tensile forces induced near the loaded face
112 - 12.2.6 Quantity and distribution of reinforcement
112 - 12.3 BEARING SURFACES
113 - SECTION 13 STRESS DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
113 - 13.1 STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN REINFORCEMENT
113 - 13.1.1 General
113 - 13.1.2 Development length for bar in tension
115 - 13.1.3 Development length for a bar in compression
115 - 13.1.4 Development length of bundled bars
115 - 13.1.5 Development length of fabric in tension
115 - 13.1.6 Strength development in reinforcement by an anchorage
115 - 13.2 SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT
115 - 13.2.1 General
116 - 13.2.2 Welded or mechanical splices
116 - 13.2.3 Lapped splices for bars in tension
116 - 13.2.4 Lapped splices for fabric in tension
116 - 13.2.5 Lapped splices for bars in compression
116 - 13.2.6 Lapped splices for bundled bars
116 - 13.3 STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN TENDONS
116 - 13.3.1 General
117 - 13.3.2 Development length of pretensioned tendons
117 - 13.3.3 Stress development in post-tensioned tendons by anchorages
117 - 13.4 COUPLING OF TENDONS
117 - 13.4.1 Coupling of tendons
118 - SECTION 14 JOINTS, EMBEDDED ITEMS, FIXINGS AND CONNECTIONS
118 - 14.1 DESIGN OF JOINTS
118 - 14.1.1 Construction joints
118 - 14.1.2 Movement joints
118 - 14.2 EMBEDDED ITEMS AND HOLES IN CONCRETE
118 - 14.2.1 General
118 - 14.2.2 Limitation on materials
118 - 14.2.3 Pipes containing liquid, gas or vapour
118 - 14.2.4 Spacing and cover
118 - 14.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXINGS
119 - 14.4 CONNECTIONS
120 - SECTION 15 PLAIN CONCRETE MEMBERS
120 - 15.1 APPLICATION
120 - 15.2 DESIGN
120 - 15.2.1 Basic principles of strength design
120 - 15.2.2 Section properties
120 - 15.3 STRENGTH IN BENDING
120 - 15.4 STRENGTH IN SHEAR
120 - 15.4.1 One-way action
120 - 15.4.2 Two-way action
120 - 15.5 STRENGTH IN AXIAL COMPRESSION
121 - 15.6 STRENGTH IN COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION
122 - SECTION 16 CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, FLOORS AND RESIDENTIAL FOOTINGS
122 - 16.1 APPLICATION
122 - 16.2 ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PAVEMENTS AND INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL FLOORS
122 - 16.2.1 Foundation
122 - 16.2.2 Thickness of the slab
122 - 16.2.3 Reinforcement and joints
122 - 16.3 RESIDENTIAL FLOORS AND FOOTINGS
122 - SECTION 17 LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURES
122 - 17.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
123 - SECTION 18 MARINE STRUCTURES
123 - 18.1 APPLICATION
123 - 18.2 ADDITIONAL LOADS AND ACTIONS
123 - 18.2.1 Environmental loads
123 - 18.2.2 Live loads
123 - 18.2.3 Berthing and mooring loads
123 - 18.2.4 Vibration and movement
123 - 18.3 ADDITIONAL DURABILITY AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
123 - 18.3.1 Abrasive tidal or wave action
123 - 18.3.2 Cathodic protection
123 - 18.3.3 Marine growth
124 - SECTION 19 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
124 - 19.1 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE AND GROUT
124 - 19.1.1 Materials and limitations on constituents
124 - 19.1.2 Specification and manufacture of concrete
124 - 19.1.3 Handling, placing and compacting of concrete
124 - 19.1.4 Finishing of unformed concrete surfaces
124 - 19.1.5 Curing and protection of concrete
125 - 19.1.6 Sampling and testing for compliance
125 - 19.1.7 Rejection of concrete
126 - 19.1.8 Requirements for grout and grouting
126 - 19.2 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCING STEEL
126 - 19.2.1 Materials
126 - 19.2.2 Fabrication
126 - 19.2.3 Bending
127 - 19.2.4 Surface condition
127 - 19.2.5 Fixing
127 - 19.2.6 Lightning protection by reinforcement
128 - 19.3 MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR PRE- STRESSING DUCTS, ANCHORAGES AND TENDONS
128 - 19.3.1 Materials for ducts, anchorages and tendons
128 - 19.3.2 Construction requirements for ducts
128 - 19.3.3 Construction requirements for anchorages
128 - 19.3.4 Construction requirements for tendons
130 - 19.3.5 Construction requirements for unbonded tendons
130 - 19.4 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR JOINTS AND EMBEDDED ITEMS
130 - 19.4.1 Location of construction joints
130 - 19.4.2 Embedded and other items not shown in the drawings
130 - 19.5 TOLERANCES FOR STRUCTURES AND MEMBERS
130 - 19.5.1 General
130 - 19.5.2 Tolerances for position and size of structures and members
130 - 19.5.3 Tolerance on position of reinforcement and tendons
131 - 19.6 FORMWORK
131 - 19.6.1 General
131 - 19.6.2 Stripping of forms and removal of formwork supports
134 - SECTION 20 TESTING AND ASSESSMENT FOR COMPLIANCE OF CONCRETE SPECIFIED BY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
134 - 20.1 GENERAL
134 - 20.2 PRODUCTION ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL
134 - 20.3 PROJECT ASSESSMENT
134 - 20.4 PRINCIPLES FOR ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE SPECIFIED BY STRENGTH
134 - 20.5 ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT METHOD
134 - 20.6 DEEMED TO COMPLY PROVISIONS
135 - SECTION 21 TESTING OF MEMBERS AND STRUCTURES
135 - 21.1 PROOF TESTING OF BEAMS AND SLABS
135 - 21.1.1 Application
135 - 21.1.2 Test procedure
135 - 21.1.3 Interpretation of flexural test
135 - 21.1.4 Damage to the structure
135 - 21.2 PROTOTYPE TESTING
135 - 21.2.1 Application
135 - 21.2.2 Construction of the prototype
135 - 21.2.3 Test procedure
135 - 21.2.4 Compliance for strength
136 - 21.3 QUALITY CONTROL TESTING OF MANUFACTURED UNITS
136 - 21.3.1 Application
136 - 21.3.2 Testprocedure
136 - 21.4 TESTING FOR STRENGTH OF HARDENED CONCRETE IN PLACE
136 - 21.4.1 Application
136 - 21.4.2 Non-destructive testing
136 - 21.4.3 Tests on cores taken from the structure
138 - APPENDIX A - ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS
138 - A1 SCOPE
138 - A2 EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS
138 - A2.1 General
138 - A2.2 Earthquake design category
138 - A3 DEFINITIONS
139 - A4 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN LOAD
139 - A5 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
139 - A6 DOMESTIC STRUCTURES
139 - A6.1 Design categories H1 and H2
140 - A6.2 Design category H3
140 - A7 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORY A
140 - A8 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORY B
140 - A8.1 General
140 - A8.2 Regular structures
140 - A8.3 Irregularstructures
140 - A9 GENERAL STRUCTURES IN DESIGN CATEGORIES C, D AND E
140 - A9.1 General
140 - A9.2 Exterior cladding elements
140 - A10 BEARING WALL SYSTEMS
140 - A10.1 Shear walls or braced frames
141 - A11 BUILDING FRAME SYSTEMS
141 - A11.1 General
141 - A11.2 Shear walls
141 - A11.2.1 General
141 - A11.2.2 Reinforcement
141 - A11.2.3 Boundary elements
141 - A11.3 Reinforced braced frames
141 - A11.3.1 General
141 - A11.3.2 Restraint of longitudinal reinforcement
142 - A12 MOMENT RESISTING FRAME SYSTEMS
142 - A12.1 General
142 - A12.2 Ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF)
142 - A12.3 Intermediate moment resisting frames (IMRF)
142 - A12.3.1 General
142 - A12.3.2 Beams
143 - A12.3.3 Slabs
144 - A12.3.4 Columns
144 - A12.3.5 Column joints
144 - A12.3.6 Prestressed IMRF's
144 - A12.3.7 Prestressed beams
145 - A12.3.8 Prestressed columns
145 - A12.3.9 Beam-column joints
145 - A12.4 Special moment resisting frames (SMRF)
145 - A13 DUAL SYSTEMS
145 - A13.1 General
145 - A13.2 IMRF and shear wall
145 - A13.3 IMRF and braced frame
145 - A13.4 SMRF and shear wall
145 - A13.5 SMRF and braced frame
146 - APPENDIX B - REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
149 - INDEX

Sets out minimum requirements for the analysis, design and construction of concrete structures and members which contain reinforcing steel, or prestressing tendons or both, and requirements for plain concrete structures and members. The Standard applies to concrete with a characteristic compressive strength in the range of 20 MPa to 50 MPa and a density in the range 1800 kg/m(sup)3(/sup) to 2800 kgm(sup)3(/sup). Although intended mainly for building structures and members, it may also be applied to pedestrian, road and railway bridges unless otherwise required by the relevant authority. It does not apply to mass concrete structures. Design requirements are given for the limit-states of stability, strength, serviceability, durability and for resistance to fire and earthquakes. Rules are also given for assessing the compliance of concrete supplied by a manufacturer and for prototype or proof testing of finished members and structures.

This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design and construction of concrete structures and members which contain reinforcing steel, or tendons, or both. It also sets out minimum requirements for plain concrete members.NOTE: This Standard will be referenced in the Building Code of Australia by way of BCA Amendment 7 intended for publication in November 1994, thereby superseding the previous edition, AS 3600 - 1988, which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of publication of this edition. Users are advised that when BCA Amendment 7 is issued, it will not necessarily be gazetted in each State/Territory at the time of printing.ApplicationThis Standard is intended to apply to structures made of concrete -(a) with a characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, f c, in the range of 20 MPa to 50 MPa; and(b) of saturated, surface-dry density in the range of 1800 kg/m3to 2800 kg/m3.This Standard may be applied to concrete bridges. However, the design Standards of the relevant bridge authority, namely the Austroads Bridge Design Code for road bridges and the ANZRC Railway Bridge Design Manual for railway bridges, shall be used where applicable. The general principles of concrete design and construction embodied in this Standard may be applied to concrete other than that specified above, or to concrete structures or members not specifically mentioned herein. This Standard is not intended to apply to the design of mass concrete structures. It is also not intended that the requirements of this Standard should take precedence over those of other Australian Standards.NOTES:1 It is intended that the design of a structure or member to which this Standard applies, be carried out by, or under the supervision of, an engineer as defined in Clause 1.6.2.2 Consideration is being given to extending the application of the Standard to structures in which the characteristic compressive strength of concrete (f'c) is greater than 50 MPa. However, before such an extension could be incorporated, current research data indicates that some requirements of the Standard would need to be more stringent than those presently given and others appropriately modified.

Draft Revision see DR 99193 CP First published in part as AS CA2-1934.AS A26 first published 1934.MP 13 first published 1957.AS CA2-1934 and AS A26-1934 revised, amalgamated and designated AS CA2-1958.Third edition 1963.MP 13-1957 revised and redesignated AS CA35-1963.Second edition 1973.Fourth edition AS CA2-1973.AS CA2-1973 revised and redesignated AS 1480-1974.AS CA35-1973 revised and redesignated AS 1481-1974.AS CA2-1973 and AS CA35-1973 withdrawn 1976.Second edition AS 1481-1978.Second edition AS 1480-1982.AS 1480-1982 and AS 1481-1978 revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS 3600-1988.AS 1480-1982 and AS 1481-1978 withdrawn 1991.Second edition AS 3600-1994. First published in part as AS CA2-1934. AS A26 first published 1934. MP 13 first published 1957. AS CA2-1934 and AS A26-1934 revised, amalgamated and designated AS CA2-1958. Third edition 1963. MP 13-1957 revised and redesignated AS CA35-1963. Second edition 1973. Fourth edition AS CA2-1973. AS CA2-1973 revised and redesignated AS 1480-1974. AS CA35-1973 revised and redesignated AS 1481-1974. AS CA2-1973 and AS CA35-1973 withdrawn 1976. Second edition AS 1481-1978. Second edition AS 1480-1982. AS 1480-1982 and AS 1481-1978 revised, amalgamated and redesignated AS 3600-1988. AS 1480-1982 and AS 1481-1978 withdrawn 1991. Second edition AS 3600-1994.